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Methods, Models, and GIS

Geographical Perspectives on Epidemic Transmission of Cholera in Haiti, October 2010 Through March 2013

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Pages 665-683 | Received 01 Sep 2014, Accepted 01 Jan 2015, Published online: 01 Jul 2015
 

Abstract

The current epidemic of El Tor cholera in the Caribbean republic of Haiti is one of the largest single outbreaks of the disease ever recorded. The prospects are that the epidemic will continue to present challenges to workers in public health medicine, epidemiology, and allied fields in the social sciences for years to come. This article introduces geographers to the environmental context of the Haiti cholera epidemic, the principal data sources available to analyze the occurrence of the epidemic, and evidence regarding its geographical origins and dispersal during the first thirty months of the epidemic, October 2010 through March 2013. Using weekly case data collated by the Haitian Ministère de la Santé Publique et de la Population (MSPP), techniques of time series analysis are used to examine inter- and intradepartmental patterns of cholera activity. Our analysis demonstrates a pronounced lag structure to the spatial development of the epidemic (Artibonite and northern departments → Ouest and metropolitan Port-au-Prince → southern departments). Observed variations in levels of epidemiological integration, both within and between departments, provide new perspectives on the spatiotemporal evolution of the epidemic to its March 2013 pattern.

目前在加勒比海地区海地共和国流行的霍乱,是该疾病有记录以来,最大规模的单一暴发事件。该流行病预期将会在未来数年内,持续对公共卫生医学、流行病学与社会科学中的相关领域工作者带来挑战。本文为地理学者引介海地霍乱流行的环境脉络、分析该流行病发生的可取得之主要数据来源,以及有关该流行病在2010年十月至2013年三月间的起先三十个月中的地理起源及分布。本文使用海地公共及人口卫生部(MSPP)所搜集的每週案例数据,运用时间序列分析技术,检视霍乱活动在各省内部与省际的模式。我们的分析,证实该流行病的空间发展,具有显着的迟滞结构(阿蒂博尼特省与北部省份→奎斯特省与太子港都会区→南部省份)。本研究所观察到的各省之内与之间的流行病学整合程度,对该流行病发展至2013年模式的时空演化,提供了崭新的视角。

La actual epidemia de cólera de El Tor en la república caribeña de Haití es uno de los más grandes brotes aislados de la enfermedad jamás registrados. Lo que se espera es que la epidemia siga presentando retos en los años venideros a quienes trabajan en medicina de salud pública, epidemiología y campos afines en las ciencias sociales. Este artículo introduce a los geógrafos en el contexto ambiental de la epidemia de cólera en Haití, a las principales fuentes de datos disponibles para analizar la ocurrencia de la epidemia y a la evidencia relacionada con sus orígenes geográficos y difusión durante los primeros treinta meses de la epidemia, entre octubre de 2010 y marzo de 2013. Con datos de casos semanales recopilados por el Ministerio de Salud Pública y de la Población (MSPP) de Haití, se usaron técnicas de análisis de series de tiempo para examinar los patrones inter- e intradepartamentales de la actividad del cólera. Nuestro análisis demuestra una estructura de rezago pronunciado en el desarrollo espacial de la epidemia (Artibonite y los departamentos del norte → Ouest y el área metropolitana de Port-au-Prince → departamentos del sur). Las variaciones observadas en los niveles de integración epidemiológica, tanto dentro como entre los departamentos, dan nuevas perspectivas sobre la evolución espaciotemporal de la epidemia a su patrón de marzo de 2013.

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to the anonymous referees for their comments on an earlier version of this article.

Funding

The authors thank the Leverhulme Trust (Grant RPG-2012-736) for their financial support of the research reported in this article.

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