522
Views
7
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Methods, Models, and GIS

Historic Disease Data as Epidemiological Resource: Searching for the Origin and Local Basic Reproduction Number of the 1878 Yellow Fever Epidemic in Memphis, Tennessee

, &
Pages 1-16 | Published online: 11 Aug 2015
 

Abstract

Emerging and reemerging infectious diseases continue to pose considerable regional and global concerns. A vital contribution to be made by geographers is in developing an understanding of the spatial structure of these epidemics across various scales. Confidentiality concerns and a general lack of individual data from many developing world areas mean that individual or subneighborhood-scale epidemic information is often unavailable. One alternative potential source of data is historical epidemics. Although these data exist in the form of board of health reports, these should not be considered complete, and the onus is on the researcher to perform due diligence on data validation and identifying supplementary spatial and cultural context. This article presents an example of such a methodological task for the 1878 yellow fever epidemic of Memphis, which leads to exploration of two important spatial questions: the correct origin of the epidemic in the city and its associated local basic reproduction number, which is the number of ensuing cases stemming from an original. This article should be viewed as a template for a subsequent series of fine-scale historical epidemic analyses, which together can produce an important conduit into further development of spatial epidemiological theory.

浮现中、以及再度浮现的传染疾病,持续带来相当大的区域及全球困扰。地理学者可提供的一项极其重要的贡献,便是发展对于这些流行病在不同尺度的空间结构之理解。保密的考量,以及诸多发展中世界的区域普遍缺乏个人数据,意味着个人或次社区尺度的流行病信息经常是无法取得的。其中一个可替代的潜在数据来源,便是历史流行病。儘管这些数据以健康委员会报告的形式存在,它们却不应被视为完整的,且研究者有义务对数据验证进行尽职的调查,并指认补充性的空间及文化脉络。本文呈现对 1878 年于曼非斯流行的黄热病进行此般方法论工作的案例,并引领至两个重要空间问题的探讨:传染病在城市中的正确来源,及其相关的在地基本再生产数量,该数量是自源头接踵而生的案例。本文应被视为后续的细微尺度历史流行病分析系列之范本,同时可生产注入空间流行病学理论未来发展的重要管道。

La aparición y reaparición de enfermedades infecciosas sigue generando serias preocupaciones regionales y globales. Los geógrafos podrían hacer una contribución vital al respecto buscando ampliar en varias escalas el conocimiento de la estructura espacial de estas epidemias. Las preocupaciones de confidencialidad y la falta generalizada de datos sobre muchas partes del mundo en desarrollo a menudo se traducen en desconocimiento de la información individual o la información epidémica a escala de sub-vecindario. Una fuente potencial de datos alternativa es la epidemiología histórica. Aunque tales datos existen en forma de los informes de salubridad de los cuadros directivos, son materiales que no se deben considerar como completos, lo cual traslada al investigador la obligación de utilizarlos con la debida diligencia, validando los datos e identificando los contextos culturales y espaciales suplementarios. Este artículo presenta un ejemplo de tal tarea metodológica aplicada a la epidemia de fiebre amarilla de 1878, en Menfis, que lleva a la exploración de dos importantes preguntas espaciales: el origen correcto de la epidemia en la ciudad y su número asociado de reproducción básica local, cual es el número de casos siguientes surgidos de un original. Este artículo debe interpretarse como la plantilla para el estudio de una serie subsiguiente de análisis epidémicos históricos, a escala fina, que conjuntamente pueden producir un importante canal para el desarrollo adicional de teoría epidemiológica espacial.

Acknowledgments

We are grateful to Paul Paskoff for his thoughtful guidance, support, and encouragement of this project. We would also like to thank Suzanne Wechsler, Hyowan Ban, and the anonymous reviewers for their constructive feedback and suggestions.

Notes

1. The Citation2014 “theme” of the American Public Health Association conference is “Healthography: How where you live affects your health and well-being” (http://www.apha.org/meetings/annual/).

2. From the GIS we created, we found that 21.4 percent of yellow fever deaths in the study area occurred within 50 m of Poplar Street and Washington Street, whereas only 14.5 percent occurred within 50 m of Bayou Gayoso. Additionally, the A. aegypti mosquito prefers small pools of clean water for breeding rather than foul, open bodies of water, such as those of the bayou.

3. The only map of Memphis found to be published between Citation1877 and Citation1879 came from an Citation1878 edition of the New York Herald newspaper (Bennett Citation1878). We recognized the base layers for this map, however, as an 1872 map based on the following source: Murray, A. J. 1872. Map of the city of Memphis. Boyle & Chapman's Memphis City Directory 1000ft:1.

Log in via your institution

Log in to Taylor & Francis Online

PDF download + Online access

  • 48 hours access to article PDF & online version
  • Article PDF can be downloaded
  • Article PDF can be printed
USD 53.00 Add to cart

Issue Purchase

  • 30 days online access to complete issue
  • Article PDFs can be downloaded
  • Article PDFs can be printed
USD 312.00 Add to cart

* Local tax will be added as applicable

Related Research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.