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Qualifying Abstraction

A Location-Centric Network Approach to Analyzing Epidemic Dynamics

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Pages 480-488 | Received 01 Dec 2014, Accepted 01 Jul 2015, Published online: 12 Jan 2016
 

Abstract

Recent health threats, such as the SARS, H1N1, and ebola pandemics, have stimulated great interest in network models to study the transmission of communicable diseases through human interaction and mobility. Most current network models have focused on an individual-centric perspective where individuals are represented as nodes and the interactions among them as edges. Few of these models are concerned with the discovery of the spatial patterns and dynamics of epidemics. We propose a location-centric, transmission network approach, in which nodes denote locations and edges denote possible disease transmissions between locations. We then identify the dynamics of transmission flows, the dynamics of critical locations, and the spatial–temporal extent of transmission pathways to assess the impact of these spatial dynamics on the evolution of an epidemic. Results show that transmission flows shift from elementary schools to middle schools and finally universities and professional schools at different phases of an epidemic. Critical locations, identified using network analysis, are responsible for the upsurge in transmission flows during the peaks of the epidemic. The length of transmission pathways shows a power law distribution and their spatial extent is rather small. Insights gained from this study will help devise spatially sensitive strategies to control communicable diseases.

晚近的健康威胁, 诸如 SARS、H1N1 和埃博拉流行病等, 刺激了网络模型研中研究传染性疾病透过人际互动与移动造成传染的巨大兴趣。目前既有的网络模型, 多半聚焦以个人为核心的观点, 其中个人被视为节点, 而人际互动则被视为边缘。这些模型, 鲜少考量空间模式的发掘和疫情动态。我们则提出一个以地点为中心的传染网络方法, 其中节点指涉地点, 而边缘则指涉疾病于地点之间的可能传染途径。我们接着指认传染流动的动态, 关键地点的动态, 以及传染途径的时空范围, 以评估这些空间动态对于传染病演化的影响。研究结果显示, 传染病在不同阶段中, 其传染流动从小学转移至中学, 最终并扩及大学与专业学校。运用网络分析所指认的关键地点, 则是流行病高峰期间传染流动暴增的原因。传染途径的长度显示出幂率分布, 而其空间范围是相当小的。本研究中获得的洞见, 将能够协助策划对空间敏感的策略, 以控制传染性疾病。

Las recientes amenazas a la salud, como las representadas por las SARS, H1N1 y la pandemia del ébola, han estimulado gran interés por los modelos de redes para estudiar la trasmisión de enfermedades contagiosas por medio de la interacción y movilidad humanas. La mayoría de los modelos actuales de redes están enfocados a una perspectiva centrada en el individuo, donde los individuos se representan como nodos y las interacciones entre ellos como bordes. Pocos de estos modelos tienen interés en el descubrimiento de los patrones espaciales y la dinámica de las epidemias. Lo que nosotros proponemos es un enfoque de red de trasmisión centrado en localización, en el que los nodos denotan lugares y los bordes denotan posibles trasmisiones de la enfermedad entre los lugares. Luego identificamos la dinámica de los flujos de trasmisión, la dinámica de lugares críticos y el alcance espacial-temporal de las rutas de trasmisión para evaluar el impacto de estas dinámicas espaciales sobre la evolución de una epidemia. Los resultados muestran que los flujos de trasmisión cambian desde las escuelas elementales a las escuelas de educación media y finalmente a las universidades y escuelas profesionales en las diferentes fases de una epidemia. Las localizaciones críticas, identificadas por medio de análisis de redes, son responsables del incremento significativo de los flujos de trasmisión durante los picos de la epidemia. La longitud de las rutas de trasmisión muestra una distribución de ley de potencia y su alcance espacial es bastante pequeño. Las percepciones ganadas con este estudio ayudarán a idear estrategias espacialmente sensibles para controlar enfermedades contagiosas.

View correction statement:
Corrigendum

Acknowledgment

The use of the case data has been approved by the institutional review board at the authors' institution.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Shiran Zhong

SHIRAN ZHONG is a PhD candidate in the Department of Geography, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Amherst, NY 14261. E-mail: [email protected]. His research interests include spatial networks, individual-based epidemiological modeling, and forecasts of influenza epidemics.

Ling Bian

LING BIAN is a Professor in the Department of Geography, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Amherst, NY 14261. E-mail: [email protected]. Her research interests include spatial networks, individual-based epidemiological modeling, and interoperable environmental models.

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