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Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.
Notes
1 This document was submitted to the Australian Royal Commission into National Natural Disaster Arrangements on the 23 April 2020. It is published here verbatim except for minor typographical corrections and stylistic changes to suit publication. Personal information has been redacted for privacy reasons. The original may be viewed on the Royal Commission website, submission number NND.001.00652. Available from: https://naturaldisaster.royalcommission.gov.au/publications/nnd00100652
2 Bushfire is an Australian term for any unplanned landscape fire in grassland, woodland, heathland or forest and is a term used in the Royal Commission’s terminology. However, as it is sometimes only used to mean ‘forest’ fire it has an element of ambiguity about it. Wildfire is the international term used for any unplanned fire in grassland, woodland, heathland or forest. As it is a less ambiguous term and internationally understood, wildfire is the preferred term used by the Institute as an internationally recognised body. To be consistent with this edict, this submission will from now on use the term wildfire when referring to unplanned forest fire.
3 Stretton LEB. 1939. Report of the Royal Commission to Inquire into the Causes of and Measures Taken to Prevent the Bush Fires of January, 1939, and to Protect Life and Property. Melbourne (Australia): Victorian Government.
4 Teague B, McLeod R, Pascoe S. 2010. The 2009 Victorian Bushfires Royal Commission Final Report (Summary). Melbourne (Australia): Parliament of Victoria.
5 Morgan GW, Tolhurst KG, Poynter MW, Cooper N, McGuffog T, Ryan R, Wouters MA, Stephens N, Black P, Sheehan D, Leeson P, Whight S. & Davey SM. 2020. Prescribed burning in south-eastern Australia: history and future directions. Australian Forestry. 83:4–28. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2020.1739883
6 Williams JT. 2013. Exploring the onset of high-impact mega-fires through a forest land management prism. Forest Ecology and Management. 294:4–10. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2012.06.030
7 National Bushfire Management Policy Statement for Forests and Rangelands. ISBN: 978-0-646-58 481-2. Available from: https://members.professionalsaustralia.org.au/Forestry/About_the_IFA/forest_fire/National_Bushfire_Management_ Statement_Policy_Statement.pdf
8 Bushfire is an Australian term for any unplanned landscape fire in grassland, woodland, heathland or forest and is a term used in the Royal Commission’s terminology. However, as it is sometimes only used to mean ‘forest’ fire it has an element of ambiguity about it. Wildfire is the international term used for any unplanned fire in grassland, woodland, heathland or forest. As it is less ambiguous term and internationally understood, wildfire is the preferred term used by the Institute as an internationally recognised body. To be consistent with international terminology, this submission will from now on use the term wildfire when referring to unplanned forest fire.
9 Tolhurst K. 11 February 2019. University of Melbourne podcast.
10 Kohen JL. 1995. Aboriginal environmental impacts. Sydney (Australia): UNSW Press.
11 Kohen JL. 1995. Aboriginal environmental impacts. Sydney (Australia): UNSW Press.
12 Gammage WL. 2012. The biggest estate on Earth: how Aborigines made Australia. Australia: Allen and Unwin.
13 Moulds FR. 1991. The dynamic forest: a history of forestry and forest industries in Victoria. Richmond (Australia): Lyndoch Publications.
14 Moulds FR. 1991. The dynamic forest: a history of forestry and forest industries in Victoria. Richmond (Australia): Lyndoch Publications.
15 Pyne S. 2006. The still-burning bush. Melbourne (Australia): Scribe Publications; p. 54–56.
16 Pyne S. 2006. The still-burning bush. Melbourne (Australia): Scribe Publications; p. 57.
17 Moulds FR. 1991. The dynamic forest: a history of forestry and forest industries in Victoria. Richmond (Australia): Lyndoch Publications.
18 Pyne S. 2006. The still-burning bush. Melbourne (Australia): Scribe Publications; p. 58.
19 Pyne S. 2006. The still-burning bush. Melbourne (Australia): Scribe Publications; p. 58.
20 Report of the Task Force Appointed to Examine Fire Protection and Fuel Reduction Burning by the Forests Commission to the Hon. R.A. McKenzie, Minister of Forests (April 1983).
21 Australia’s State of the Forests Report 2003. Canberra (Australia): Australian Government and Australia’s State of the Forests Report 2018. Canberra (Australia): Australian Government.
22 Attiwill P, England J, Whittaker K. 2001. The environmental credentials of the production, manufacture and re-use of wood fibre in Australia. Prepared for the Department of Agriculture, Forestry Fisheries and Aquaculture. Melbourne (Australia): University of Melbourne
23 Dexter BD, Hodgson A. 2005. The facts behind the fire: a scientific and technical review of the circumstances surrounding the 2003 Victorian bushfire crisis. Parkvale (Australia): Forest Fire Victoria.
24 Report of the Inquiry into the 2002–03 Victorian Bushfires, chaired by Bruce Esplin, Emergency Services Commissioner, Department of Premier and Cabinet, Victorian Government (October 2003), p. 96 s.10.36.
25 Geoff Walker, former local RFS captain who has written a book about his long service as a volunteer firefighter in NSW, entitled White overall days. He promoted this book and his experience in trying to deal with local government fire protocols in an article, An old firefighter’s sorry saga, Quadrant Online, 28 December 2015.
26 Pyne S. 2006. The still-burning bush. Melbourne (Australia): Scribe Publications.
27 Impact of Public Land Management Practices on Bushfires in Victoria, report of inquiry by the Environment and Natural Resources Committee, Parliament of Victoria (June 2008). The Government responded to its recommendations on 4 December 2008. Available from: http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/enrc/inquiries
28 Teague B, McLeod R, Pascoe S. 2010. The 2009 Victorian Bushfires Royal Commission Final Report (Summary). Melbourne (Australia): Parliament of Victoria.
29 Bennetton J, Cashin P. 1997. An economic evaluation of bushfire prevention and suppression. Melbourne (Australia): Department of Economics, University of Melbourne. Research Paper No. 598.
30 Pyne S. 2006. The still-burning bush. Melbourne (Australia): Scribe Publications.
31 Williams JT. 2013. Exploring the onset of high-impact mega-fires through a forest land management prism. Forest Ecology and Management. 294:4–10.
32 Moreira F, Ascoli D, Safford H, Adams M, Moreno JM, Pereira JMC, Catry FX, Armesto J, Bond W, González ME. 2020. Wildfire management in Mediterranean-type regions: paradigm shift needed. Environmental Research Letters. 15:011001.
33 Pyne S. 2006. The still-burning bush. Melbourne (Australia): Scribe Publications. p. 114–115.
34 Florec V, Pannell D, Burton M, Kelso J, Milne G. 2016. Think long term: the costs and benefits of prescribed burning in the south west of Western Australia. Non-peer reviewed research proceedings from the Bushfire and Natural Hazards CRC & AFAC conference; 30 August 2016—September 1; Brisbane, Australia.
35 Position Paper: firefighting at night. West Melbourne (Australia): Institute of Foresters of Australia. Available from: http://www.forestry.org.au/Forestry/About/
36 Teague B, McLeod R, Pascoe S. 2010. The 2009 Victorian Bushfires Royal Commission Final Report (Summary). Melbourne (Australia): Parliament of Victoria.
37 Ryan M, Runnalls R. 2015. Does timber harvesting in natural forests have any influence on fire management at the landscape level? Unpublished paper presented to the Institute of Foresters of Australia 2015 Biannual Conference.
38 Smith A. 6 February 2020. We saw this coming for years: farmers take legal action after fires. Sydney Morning Herald.
39 The Institute is not in a position to investigate the veracity of local allegations, but eagerly awaits the important learning lessons that will hopefully be revealed through the Royal Commission and the State-based inquiries.
40 Blanchi R, Leonard J, Haynes K, Opie K, James M, Kilinc M, de Oliveira FD, van den Honert R. 2012. Life and house loss database description and analysis: final report. Bushfire CRC report to the Attorney-General’s Department. Melbourne (Australia): CSIRO. EP-129 645.
41 Tolhurst KG. 2009. Report on the physical nature of the Victorian Fires occurring on 7 February 2009. Public Records Office Victoria. Melbourne (Australia): 2009 Victorian Bushfires Royal Commission.
42 Ackland A, Salkin O, Blackett A, Friend G, Fogarty L. 2010. Future Fire Management Project—defining and evaluating alternative fire management options to achieve improved outcomes for community protection, biodiversity and ecosystem services. Otway Pilot Study—Interim Report. Melbourne (Australia): Department of Sustainability and Environment.
43 Tolhurst KG. 2009. Report on assessing defendable space around houses in bushfire-prone environments. Public Records Office Victoria. Melbourne (Australia): 2009 Victorian Bushfires Royal Commission.
44 Dexter B, Macleod D. 2017, What is the true cost of forest fire management on public land in Victoria? What actions are required to increase transparency and accountability in reporting these costs in the public interest? ISBN 978-0-9 942 531-4-9 Printed paperback (spiral bound) with CD-ROM. Available from: https://members.professionalsaustralia.org.au/Forestry/About_the_IFA/forest_fire/Fire_TrueCostandBriefing_2019.pdf
45 https://www.rfs.nsw.gov.au/about-us/fast-facts
46 Ellis S, Kanowski P, Whelan R. 2004. National Inquiry on bushfire mitigation and management. Canberra (Australia): Council of Australian Governments, Commonwealth of Australia.
47 Hotspots is a community engagement program that provides private landholders and land managers with the skills and knowledge to actively participate in fire management for the protection of life and property, while at the same time ensuring biodiversity is protected and maintained. It is delivered by the NSW RFS.
48 Eburn M, Carey GJ. 2017. You own the fuel, but who owns the fire? International Journal of Wildland Fire. 26:999–1008.
49 National Bushfire Management Policy Statement for Forests and Rangelands. ISBN: 978-0-646-58 481-2 Available from: https://members.professionalsaustralia.org.au/Forestry/About_the_IFA/forest_fire/National_Bushfire_Management_Statement_Policy_Statement.pdf
50 Burrows N, McCaw L. 2013. Prescribed burning in southwestern Australian forests. The Ecological Society of America: Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. 11(s-1):e25–e34. August 2013.
52 Williams JT. 2013. Exploring the onset of high-impact mega-fires through a forest land management prism. Forest Ecology and Management. 294:4–10. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2012.06.030
54 https://smartsatcrc.com
55 A Digital Twin is a representation, typically built-in software, of a system that allows the rapid simulation or emulation of that system to derive insights into how its performance may be enhanced or altered to meet changing or emerging needs.