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Indonesian Politics in 2019

Indonesia’s Democratic Paradox: Competitive Elections amidst Rising Illiberalism

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Pages 295-317 | Published online: 18 Nov 2019
 

Abstract

Indonesia’s 2019 elections confirmed both the country’s status as a competitive electoral democracy and the trend of decreasing democratic quality. In this article, we investigate this seemingly paradoxical pattern by highlighting four political arenas directly associated with the elections. First, the incumbent government’s failure to secure a larger margin of victory for President Jokowi highlights the continued competitiveness of the electoral system, despite attempts to use state agencies for the president’s re-election campaign. Second, although efforts to mobilise state resources for Jokowi were largely unsuccessful, they added to an already significant illiberal shift. Third, the elections further accelerated the weakening of political parties, with the personalisation of legislative polls achieving new heights. Finally, the election campaign and results led to a level of religious polarisation in voting behaviour that was last seen in the 1950s. In analysing these themes, we argue that while the co-existence of Indonesia’s competitive elections with illiberal trends appears contradictory, the two are in fact interrelated.

Pemilihan umum Indonesia di tahun 2019 mengonfirmasi status Indonesia sebagai demokrasi elektoral yang kompetitif sekaligus kecenderungan menurunnya kualitas demokrasi. Dalam artikel ini, kami meneliti pola yang kelihatannya bertentangan ini dengan menyoroti empat arena politik yang secara langsung terkait dengan pemilihan umum. Pertama, kegagalan pemerintah petahana untuk mendapatkan marjin kemenangan lebih besar bagi Presiden Joko Widodo menunjukkan sistem pemilihan yang terus kompetitif, meskipun ada upaya menggunakan lembaga pemerintah untuk berkampanye bagi Presiden agar terpilih kembali. Kedua, meskipun upaya mengerahkan sumber daya negara untuk mendukung Joko Widodo tidak berhasil, namun ia semakin mendorong pergeseran ke arah iliberalisme. Ketiga, pemilihan ini semakin mempercepat pelemahan partai politik, dengan personalisasi untuk pemilihan legislatif mencapai titik tertinggi yang baru. Terakhir, kampanye pemilihan umum dan hasilnya mendorong polarisasi berbasis agama dalam perilaku memilih, suatu hal yang terakhir kali terlihat di tahun 1950an. Dalam mengkaji hal-hal ini, kami berpendapat bahwa meskipun koeksitensi antara pemilihan yang kompetitif dan kecenderungan meningkatnya ketidakbebasan terlihat seperti sebuah paradoks, pada kenyataannya keduanya sangat berkaitan.

JEL classification:

Notes

1 Information provided by Usman Hamid, Indonesia director of Amnesty International.

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