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Women, Trade, and Landed Property in Africa

“A mere business affair”?Women in the social and commercial worlds of nineteenth-century Madagascar

Pages 437-457 | Published online: 16 Jun 2020
 

ABSTRACT

The port of Mahajanga in northwestern Madagascar was home to a diverse commercial community during the nineteenth century. Merchants from East Africa, India and the Arabian Peninsula drew upon extensive contacts within Madagascar to obtain commodities they would then sell to Americans and Europeans. Women living in these coastal communities, however, rarely entered into Western accounts of long-distance exchanges, despite their roles as wives, traders and community members in creating the cosmopolitan economic world of Mahajanga. While not directly participating in commerce with Americans and Europeans, women engaged in agriculture and other economic activities, in addition to forming close relationships with foreigners. To offset the Western trading documentation that ignores female contributions, this article relies upon a detailed source, the diary of British merchant John Studdy Leigh, to place women more fully into this history of exchanges. By expanding our consideration of economic contributions, we can examine how women bridged the diverse economic communities in northwestern Madagascar through their marriages with foreign merchants as well as their work in supporting commerce.

RÉSUMÉ

Le port de Mahajanga, au nord-ouest de Madagascar, a été le foyer d’une communauté commerciale diversifiée au cours du dix-neuvième siècle. Des marchands originaires de l’Afrique de l’Est, de l’Inde et de la péninsule arabique se sont appuyés sur de nombreux contacts à Madagascar pour obtenir des produits qu’ils pourraient vendre par la suite aux Américains et aux Européens. Cependant, les femmes vivant dans ces communautés côtières n’étaient que rarement évoquées dans les récits occidentaux sur les échanges à longue distance, malgré leur rôle d’épouses, de commerçantes et de membres de la communauté dans la création du monde économique cosmopolite de Mahajanga. Bien que ne participant pas au commerce avec les Américains et les Européens, les femmes se sont engagées dans l’agriculture et d’autres activités économiques, et au-delà, ont noué des relations étroites avec les étrangers. Afin de contrebalancer la littérature commerciale occidentale qui ignore les contributions des femmes, cet article s’appuie sur une source détaillée, le journal du marchand britannique John Studdy Leigh, pour placer les femmes plus pleinement dans cette histoire des échanges. En élargissant notre prise en compte des contributions économiques, nous pouvons examiner comment les femmes ont jeté les ponts entre les diverses communautés économiques du nord-ouest de Madagascar, de par leur mariage avec des commerçants étrangers ainsi que leur travail de soutien au commerce.

Acknowledgements

This paper was inspired by presentations delivered at the 2015 African Studies Association meeting as part of two panels on “Women and Trade on the African Coast.” The author wishes to thank the organizer, Vanessa Oliveira, for her help in shaping this paper. A portion of this research was sponsored by a grant from the New England Regional Fellowship Consortium. The author would also like to thank the archivists and librarians at the Baker Library, the Peabody Essex Museum and Library, and Northwestern University Library for their assistance and support.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.

Notes

1. For an examination of ethnonyms in Madagascar, see the Citation2001 issue of Ethnohistory.

2. Leigh (Citation1836–40) describes the “Marfuto” neighborhood of Mahajanga (26 October 1839).

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Jane Hooper

Jane Hooper is an associate professor in the department of history and art history at George Mason University. Her first book, Feeding Globalization: Madagascar and the Provisioning Trade, 1600–1800, was published in 2017 by Ohio University Press. She is currently conducting research into American commerce and whaling in the Indian Ocean during the first half of the nineteenth century.

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