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Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly
The Canadian Journal of Metallurgy and Materials Science
Volume 63, 2024 - Issue 3
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Materials Processing, Characterization and Properties

Influence of titanium particulate reinforcement on microstructural evolution and mechanical performance of AZ91 magnesium matrix surface composite developed through friction stir processing

Influence du renforcement de particules de titane sur l'évolution microstructurale et les performances mécaniques du composite de surface à matrice de magnésium AZ91 développé par traitement par friction-malaxage

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Pages 779-792 | Received 18 Apr 2023, Accepted 14 Jul 2023, Published online: 25 Jul 2023
 

ABSTRACT

AZ91 Magnesium alloy is widely used in automobile components, bio-implants, mobile and computer parts, sporting goods, etc., owing to its low density, high strength to weight ratio, good machinability and biodegradable characteristics. However, it has moderate strength and poor ductility that hinders its engineering application. The incorporation of ceramic reinforcement in Mg alloys to form high-strength composites shows a major loss in its ductility. In this research work, friction stir processing (FSP) was used with two innovative tool designs to enhance mechanical and microstructural properties by employing titanium powders as reinforcement particles – metallic reinforcement possessing higher melting point, offering a solution to the issue. The tools were designed with stepped square profile, where in one design, the square steps were aligned with each other (S-type) and in the other design, the square edges were mis-aligned by 45˚ (D-type). Microstructural analysis was done using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Mechanical properties, micro-indentation hardness test and compression test, were studied in detail.

Results revealed that the FSP process performed with D-type tool yielded better results with more uniform distribution of Ti particles in the stir zone and grain refinement with refined recrystallised grains down to about 8 µm due to severe plastic deformation and dynamic recrystallisation. The compressive strength of the material processed using D-tool was found to be increased to 456 MPa. Ti particles established a proper interface with the matrix delaying the failure of the material, thereby improving the ductility of the material as well. The mechanisms leading to microstructural refinement and enhancement in mechanical performance are presented in detail.

L’alliage de magnésium AZ91 est largement utilisé dans les composantes d’automobile, les bio-implants, les pièces de portables et d’ordinateurs, les articles de sport, etc., en raison de sa faible densité, de son rapport résistance/poids élevé, de sa bonne usinabilité et de ses caractéristiques biodégradables. Cependant, il possède une résistance modérée et une faible ductilité qui gênent à son application en ingénierie. L’incorporation de renforts céramiques dans les alliages de Mg pour former des composites à haute résistance montre une perte majeure de sa ductilité. Dans ce travail de recherche, on a utilisé le traitement par friction-malaxage (FSP) avec deux concepts innovateurs d’outil pour améliorer les propriétés mécaniques et microstructurales en se servant de poudres de titane comme particules de renforcement – un renforcement métallique possédant un point de fusion supérieur, offrant une solution au problème. On a conçu les outils avec un profil carré étagé, où dans un cas, les marches carrées étaient alignées l’une à l’autre (type S), et dans l’autre cas, les bords carrés étaient décalés de 45° (type D). On a effectué l’analyse microstructurale à l’aide de la microscopie optique, la microscopie électronique à balayage et la diffraction des rayons X. On a étudié en détail les propriétés mécaniques avec l’essai de dureté par micro-empreinte et l’essai de compression.

Les résultats ont révélé que le procédé FSP effectué avec un outil de type D a produit de meilleurs résultats avec une distribution plus uniforme des particules de Ti dans la zone de malaxage et un affinage de grain avec des grains recristallisés affinés jusqu’à environ 8 μm en raison d’une déformation plastique sévère et d’une recristallisation dynamique. On a trouvé que la résistance à la compression du matériau traité à l’aide de l’outil D augmentait à 456 MPa. Les particules de Ti ont établi une interface appropriée avec la matrice, délayant la rupture du matériau, améliorant également ainsi la ductilité du matériau. On présente en détail les mécanismes conduisant à l’affinage microstructural et à l’amélioration des performances mécaniques.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Ketha Jaya Sandeep

Ketha Jaya Sandeep is a BTech student in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bhilai. His research interests are in Material characterization, Modelling and Artificial Intelligence.

Atul Kumar Choudhary

Atul Kumar Choudary is a PhD student in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bhilai. His research interests includes friction stir welding and processing, and material modelling.

Ilyas Hussain

Ilyas Hussain is a PhD student in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bhilai. His research focus is on development of advanced materials, physical metallurgy of materials and material testing.

R.J. Immanuel

Dr. R.J. Immanuel (abbreviated as R.J. Immanuel) is an Outstanding Young Faculty Chair and Assistant Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bhilai (India). He has a vast research experience in the fields of severe plastic deformation, advanced material characterization tools, modelling of materials, Use of Artificial Intelligence in material and manufacturing modelling, etc.

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