Forensic Toxicology in Canada

Summary

The general historical review briefly notes the origins of forensic toxicology in the late 18th century and traces the evolution of the science through 1851, when a process for systematically isolating and purifying alkaloids from autopsy materials was introduced. Developments in toxicology in Canada from 1859 through the 1950's are traced separately for Ontario, Quebec, British Columbia, and the other provinces, with reference to the work of individual Canadian scientists. The modern era of forensic toxicology is said to have begun after World War II, when two important developments took place: the emergence of more practical and economical instruments, made possible by advances in the fields of optics and electronics; and pharmaceutical developments that resulted in the trend toward a drug-oriented society. A state-of-the-art summary of forensic toxicology in Canada covers both organizational and technical aspects. The potential applications of specific techniques (e.g., nitrogen/phosphorus detection) in forensic toxicology are pointed out. Plans for a comprehensive toxicological study of victims of fatal traffic accidents in Ontario are noted. It is concluded that an adequate academic course in forensic toxicology is an unlikely prospect for Canada, and a certification program is suggested as an alternative approach to upgrading the profession. A table showing the first Canadian forensic applications of 15 different techniques for toxicological analysis is provided, together with lists of references and of agencies performing toxicological services in Canada.