Boron Requirement of Irrigated Cotton in a Typic Haplocambid for Optimum Productivity and Seed Composition

Abstract

Boron (B) deficiency hampers cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) growth and productivity globally, especially in calcareous soils. The crop is known as a heavy feeder of B; however, its reported plant analysis diagnostic norms for B-deficiency diagnosis vary drastically. In a 2-year field experiment on a B-deficient [hydrochloric acid (HCl)–extractable 0.47 mg B kg⁻¹], calcareous, Typic Haplocambid, we studied the impact of soil-applied B on cotton (cv. CIM-473) growth, productivity, plant tissue B concentration, and seed oil composition. Boron was applied at 0.0, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0 kg B ha⁻¹, as borax (Na₂B₄O₇·10H₂O), in a randomized complete block design with four replications, along with recommended rates of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and zinc (Zn). Boron use improved crop growth, decreased fruit shedding, and increased boll weight, leading to seed cotton yield increases up to 14.7% (P < 0.05). Improved B nutrition of plants also enhanced seed oil content (P < 0.05) and increased seed protein content (P < 0.05). Fiber quality was not affected. Fertilizer B use was highly cost-effective, with a value–cost ratio of 12.3:1 at 1 kg B ha⁻¹. Fertilizer B requirement for near-maximum (95% of maximum) seed cotton yield was 1.1 kg B ha⁻¹ and HCl-extractable soil B requirement for was 0.52 kg ha⁻¹. Leaf tissue B requirement varied with leaf age as well as with plant age. In 30-day plants (i.e., at squaring), B-deficiency diagnosis critical level was 45.0 mg kg⁻¹ in recently matured leaves and 38.0 mg kg⁻¹ in youngest open leaves; at 60 days old (i.e., at flowering), critical concentration was 55.0 mg kg⁻¹ in mature leaves and 43.0 mg kg⁻¹ in youngest leaves. With advancement in plant age critical B concentration decreased in both leaf tissues; that is, in 90-day-old plants (i.e., at boll formation) it was 43.0 mg kg⁻¹ in mature leaves and 35.0 mg kg⁻¹ in the youngest leaves. As critical concentration range was narrower in youngest leaves (i.e., 35–43 mg kg⁻¹) compared with mature leaves (i.e., 43–55 mg kg⁻¹), B concentration in youngest leaves is considered a better indicator for deficiency diagnosis.

Keywords:

• Aridisol
• boron requirement
• cotton
• critical concentration
• plant analysis
• seed composition
• soil testing

Acknowledgments

Financial support for the study was provided by the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan. Thanks are also extended to Food and Biotechnology Research Center, PCSIR Laboratories, Lahore, Pakistan, for facilitating chemical analysis of cotton seeds.