Renewal of Core English Vocabulary: A Study Based on the BNC

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Acknowledgements

I am most grateful to those colleagues who have helped me with their extremely useful comments on earlier drafts of this contribution, particularly Peter Trudgill, Michael McCarthy, Barry Pennock and Xaverio Ballester.

Notes

¹Crystal, 124.

²Further discussed in Fuster and Martí, 97 – 8.

³Leech, Rayson, and Wilson, 8 – 9.

⁴See Carter and McCarthy, 1 – 17.

⁵McCarthy, Vocabulary, 49.

⁶Stubbs, 41.

⁷Lass, 60.

⁸Labov, 13 – 14.

⁹Ibid.

¹⁰Thomason, “Contact as a Source of Language Change,” 694.

¹¹See, for instance, Gudschinsky, and more recently McMahon.

¹²Crowley, 153.

¹³See, for instance, Potter, 37 – 8.

¹⁴Jackson and Zé Amvela, 96.

¹⁵McArthur, ed., 131.

¹⁶For example, Katamba, 163 – 4.

¹⁷Quirk et al., 67ff.

¹⁸Stubbs, 40.

¹⁹Lyons, 65 – 71.

²⁰Carter and McCarthy, 205.

²¹Note, however, that not all languages possess adjectives and that this category is not considered unanimously as an open class category. Baugh and Cable, 169, remark that “Old English was not very well provided with adjective distinctions.” French influence during the Middle English period would partly remedy that deficiency.

²²Stubbs, 40.

²³McCarthy, Discourse Analysis, 74; Stubbs, 40.

²⁴McCarthy and Carter, “Written and Spoken Vocabulary,” 24.

²⁵Sankoff, 650.

²⁶Carter and McCarthy, 206.

²⁷Swadesh, 1 – 21; Horn List in Roberts.

²⁸Katamba, 163.

²⁹For instance, Hock and Joseph, 257; Thomason, Language Contact, 71 – 2; Campbell, 271; Winford, 36.

³⁰Haspelmath, 3.

³¹Campbell, 291ff; Rankin, 186 – 7.

³²Quoted from Labov, 13.

³³Jackson and Zé Amvela, 46.

³⁴See, for instance, Lehmann, 175 – 7.

³⁵Campbell, 263.

³⁶Ibid., 187.

³⁷Rankin, 187.

³⁸Campbell, 271.

³⁹Bynon, 271.

⁴⁰Haspelmath, 2.

⁴¹Thomason, Language Contact, 90.

⁴²Grinstead.

⁴³Horn List quoted in Roberts.

⁴⁴Crystal, 124.

⁴⁵This list is available from http://www.itri.brighton.ac.uk/∼Adam.Kilgarriff/bnc-readme.html.

⁴⁶Lee, 252 – 6.

⁴⁷Ibid., 254.

⁴⁸See Goddard and Wierzbicka, eds., 5 – 40.

⁴⁹Francis and Kučera; Nation and Waring, 9.

⁵⁰See Crowley, 170.

⁵¹McCarthy, 248; Stubbs, 42.

⁵²Sinclair, The Collins Cobuild, xviii.

⁵³Nation, 15.

⁵⁴Kilgarriff, 14.

⁵⁵Stubbs, 42.

⁵⁶Adapted from Berndt, 69.

⁵⁷See, for example, Finkenstaedt and Wolff.

⁵⁸Horn.

⁵⁹Hughes, 391 – 4.

⁶⁰Information gathered from http://www.natcorp.ox.ac.uk/what/index.html.

⁶¹Another similar list offered in the “Companion Website” for Leech, Rayson, and Wilson has been discarded for this research.

⁶²Kilgarriff, 5 – 8.

⁶³Ibid., 8.

⁶⁴McCarthy, “What Constitutes a Basic Vocabulary,” 234 – 5.

⁶⁵Nation and Waring, 9.

⁶⁶McCarthy and Carter, “What Constitutes a Basic Spoken Vocabulary?” 5.

⁶⁷Nation, 125.

⁶⁸See Lee, 252 – 6; Stubbs, 42.

⁶⁹Leech, Rayson, and Wilson, 19.

⁷⁰Nation, 49.

⁷¹Sinclair, Corpus, Concordance, Collocation, 108.

⁷²Ibid., 113.

⁷³McCarthy and Carter, “Written and Spoken Vocabulary,” 25; McCarthy, “What Constitutes a Basic Vocabulary,” 74.

⁷⁴Rankin, 187.

⁷⁵Crystal, 124.

⁷⁶Sinclair, The Collins Cobuild, 143.

⁷⁷Nation, 15.

⁷⁸Kilgarriff, 12.

⁷⁹List consulted from Trask, 408 – 9.

⁸⁰See Fuster, 69 – 87.

⁸¹Berndt, 53.

⁸²McCarthy, Discourse Analysis, 75.

⁸³Francis quoted in Nation, 212.

⁸⁴See McCarthy, Discourse Analysis, 78.

⁸⁵Luzón Marco, 4.

⁸⁶Meyer in Nation, 212.

⁸⁷Nation, 212.

⁸⁸McCarthy, Vocabulary, 51.

⁸⁹Pyles, 318.

⁹⁰Grzega, 37.

⁹¹Nichols, 284.

⁹²See Grzega, 22.

⁹³Forston IV, 655.

⁹⁴Grzega, 31.

⁹⁵Rankin, 212.

⁹⁶Ibid.

⁹⁷Thomason, 696.

⁹⁸Nichols, 292.

⁹⁹See, for instance, Berndt, 64; Lass, 53; Kastovsky, 326 – 7; Kisbye, 43; Knowles, 40 – 1.

¹⁰⁰Baugh and Cable, 175 – 6.

¹⁰¹Trask, 20.

¹⁰²Schneider, 67 – 97.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Miguel Fuster Márquez

Miguel Fuster Márquez is a member of the Department of English and German, Universitat de València, Spain.