Explicit control of adaptive automation under different levels of environmental stress

Abstract

This article examines the effectiveness of three different forms of explicit control of adaptive automation under low- and high-stress conditions, operationalised by different levels of noise. In total, 60 participants were assigned to one of three types of automation design (free, prompted and forced choice). They were trained for 4 h on a highly automated simulation of a process control environment, called AutoCAMS. This was followed by a 4-h testing session under noise exposure and quiet conditions. Measures of performance, psychophysiology and subjective reactions were taken. The results showed that all three modes of explicit control of adaptive automation modes were able to attenuate the negative effects of noise. This was partly due to the fact that operators opted for higher levels of automation under noise. It also emerged that forced choice showed marginal advantages over the two other automation modes.

Statement of Relevance: This work is relevant to the design of adaptive automation since it emphasises the need to consider the impact of work-related stressors during task completion. During the presence of stressors, different forms of operator support through automation may be required than under more favourable working conditions.

Keywords:

• adaptive automation
• explicit allocation of function
• performance
• stress

Acknowledgements

The financial support of the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) is gratefully acknowledged (research grant No. 116012). The authors also appreciate the support of Professor Dietrich Manzey (Berlin University of Technology, Germany), who made available the source code of the simulation software. Finally, thanks go to Dr Amos Brocco for making the necessary modifications to the task environment.