Open-loop and feedback-controlled mouse cursor movements in linear paths

Abstract

Path length (A), path width (W) and movement direction (θ) are identified as the main factors affecting visually-controlled movement times in linear paths. Effects of A and W are well described by Drury's (1971. Movements with lateral constraint. Ergonomics, l4 (2), 293–305.) model in which movement time is linearly related to the ratio of A/W. At low A/W values, departure from linearity has been identified but not investigated in detail. Data are presented for both open-loop and feedback-controlled movements in linear paths at 0, 60 and 150° movement directions. Movement amplitude and path width were varied over a wide range to determine the effects of A and (A/W) on movement time. Movements were found to be made ballistically or in open-loop mode when the ratio (A/W) was less than about 8 to 10 and the movement times were linearly related to √A for all angles of movement. Feedback-controlled movements followed Drury's law; ballistic movements had movement speed linear with √A.

Practitioner Summary: Many tasks require manoeuvring equipment or devices through a path of limited width. These movements can be made with or without feedback control, depending on the path constraints. The conditions for the two forms of movement are determined in this research.

Keywords:

• constrained path
• Drury's law
• hand movement
• movement time
• movement speed
• ballistic move
• feedback control
• visual control
• open-loop control

Acknowledgement

This work was supported by a Direct Allocation Grant [DAG03/04.EG15] of the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology.