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Abstract
The effectiveness of an active shutter-glasses stereoscopic display (SD) and a passive polarised SD was evaluated in a live robot-teleoperation task and a simulated indirect-vision driving task in various terrains. Overall, participants completed their tasks significantly faster with the SDs in three-dimensional (3D) mode than with the SDs in the baseline 2D mode. They also navigated more accurately with the SDs in 3D mode. When the effectiveness of the two types of SDs was examined separately, results showed that the active shutter-glasses SD resulted in faster responses and task completion times than the passive polarised SD, though most of the differences failed to reach statistical significance. Perceived workload when interacting with the two SD systems did not differ significantly between the active versus passive display types or between the 3D and 2D modes of operation; however, participants reported more severe discomfort after interacting with the passive polarised SD.
Abstract
Practitioner Summary: This study demonstrated the utility of SDs for enhancing operators' navigation-related performance. The results furthered the understanding of the differential effectiveness of an active stereoscopic system versus a passive system. The findings will facilitate the implementation of stereoscopic systems for robotics control and indirect-vision driving in military settings.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Abraham Kim of PEO Integration for his guidance throughout the project. We would like to acknowledge Caitlin Kenny for her assistance in data collection and Julie Drexler for her analysis of the sickness data. We would also like to thank Mike Barnes and Keryl Cosenzo (ARL-HRED) and Jeff Koshko, Joe Kott, Jeremy Gray and John Vala (TARDEC) for their guidance and assistance and the Robotic Systems Joint Program Office (RS JPO) for lending us the TALON robot. We thank Bob Sottilare, Neal Finkelstein and Irwin Hudson (ARL-HRED-STTC) for their assistance. Finally, we acknowledge the contributions of the following individuals to this project: Brian Oigarden, Nathan Hubbard, Dean Reed and Brian Plamondon (UCF-IST), and Robert S. Kennedy (RSK Assessments, Inc.).
Notes
A previous version of this study was published as a U.S. Army Research Laboratory technical report (ARL-TR-5259) and was presented at the 27th U.S. Army Science Conference.