Abstract
This work is devoted to the visualization and evolution of κ1-phase particles in annealed proton exchange (PE) waveguides. It is well-known that the presence of κ1-phase particles in optical waveguides leads to an increase in their optical losses and instability of operation. It has been found that precipitated κ1-phase particles propagate through the whole waveguide depth and have perpendicular orientation to the surface of the lithium niobate crystal. These results are important for fast quality control of annealed PE waveguides.
Acknowledgments
The equipment of the Ural Center for Shared Use “Modern nanotechnology” Ural Federal University (reg. no. 2968), which is supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education RF (project no. 075-15-2021-677) was used.