Unique electric and dielectric features of dipole-pair substituted barium titanate ferroelectric ceramics (I): electrical characterization

Abstract

A comparison study of pure barium titanate BaTiO₃, dipole-pair [Ga³⁺, Ta⁵⁺] substituted barium titanate Ba(Ga³⁺, Ta⁵⁺)_0.005Ti_0.99O₃ ([Ga³⁺, Ta⁵⁺]: BaTiO₃), single ion [Ga³⁺] substituted barium titanate Ba(Ga³⁺)_0.01Ti_0.99O₃ ([Ga³⁺]: BaTiO₃), and single ion [Ta⁵⁺] substituted barium titanate Ba(Ta⁵⁺)_0.01Ti_0.99O₃ ([Ta⁵⁺]: BaTiO₃) ferroelectric ceramics have been conducted in order to discern the unique electric and dielectric properties derived from dipole-pair substitution. The band gap, DC resistivity, relative permittivity, dissipation factor, and complex impedance have been measured and analyzed. The dipole-pair substituted material is demonstrated to be an excellent dielectric, which possesses high electrical resistivity, high activation energy, significant dielectric diffuseness, high relative permittivity and low dissipation factor, due to charge compensation and creation of dipole-pairs in barium titanate solid solution ceramic matrix. The single substituted (acceptor and donor, respectively) samples behave more like traditional semiconductors, which have lower electrical resistivity, lower activation energy, and exhibit strong dielectric anomaly and large dissipation factor due to charge imbalance (electrons and holes) in part compensated for through additional defect creation. The relaxor-like behavior of the dipole-pair substituted sample is distinguishable from the classic relaxor through electric properties and structural phase diagram and is anticipated to spark more attention and further exploration. The unique features of electric resistivity and dielectric diffuseness of the dipolar-pair engineered BaTiO₃ affords opportunity for designing properties of novel relaxor-like ferroelectrics.

Keywords:

• Barium titanate
• dipole-pair substitution
• single substitution
• electrical resistivity
• dielectric permittivity

Additional information

Funding

The authors would like to thank the finance support of Inamori Professorship Fund from the Kyocera Corporation and the finance support of Empire Innovation Professorship fund from the State University of New York.