Low taxonomic resolution of papillate Cupressaceae pollen (former Taxodiaceae) impairs their applicability for palaeo-habitat reconstruction

Abstract

The former family Taxodiaceae is currently treated as nine genera in five subfamilies of the family Cupressaceae. Pollen of the ‘taxodiaceous’ Cupressaceae typically has a papilla in the leptoma area and is common in Cenozoic strata because some of its genera were key elements in lignite forming swamp forests. Dispersed fossil pollen of this group are often assigned to particular genera and, based on the modern ecologies of these taxa, to particular palaeoenvironments. In this study, we investigated pollen of all nine genera of the former Taxodiaceae using light and scanning electron microscopy to evaluate whether pollen morphology can be used to discriminate modern genera of this paraphyletic group. We found few genus- or subfamily-diagnostic characters among members of taxodiaceous Cupressaceae. Features such as orbiculae and pollen and leptoma size cannot be used to discriminate subfamilies. However, three basal subfamilies share short papillae, whereas in two more derived clades (Sequoioideae and Taxodioideae) papillae are markedly longer. In the generally non-papillate core Cupressaceae, the leptoma (aperture) area may or may not possess a distinct circular thinning as also found in the basal grade of taxodiaceous Cupressaceae. Our results show that it is difficult if not impossible to distinguish genera of the ecologically distinct Taxodioideae and Sequoioideae based on pollen morphology. In view of a much wider ecological amplitude of many taxodiaceous Cupressaceae during large parts of the Cenozoic, we conclude that it is not recommendable to infer particular palaeoenvironments on the basis of dispersed taxodiaceous pollen grains alone.

Keywords:

• Taxodiaceae
• Cunninghamioideae
• Taiwanioideae
• Athrotaxidoideae
• Sequoioideae
• Taxodioideae
• core Cupressaceae
• leptoma
• pollen sculpturing
• phylogenetic framework
• convergent evolution

Acknowledgements

This article is dedicated to our respected friend and teacher Dr Reinhard Zetter. The authors thank the various herbaria and Professor Limi Mao for providing pollen cones.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Supplementary Material

Supplementary data for this article can be accessed here

Additional information

Funding

Financial support from the Swedish Research Council (VR; project no. 2015-03986) to TD is acknowledged; Vetenskapsrådet [2015-03986].