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Original Articles

Hypnotic Analgesia for Chronic Pain in Persons with Disabilities: A Case Series Abstract

Hypnotische Analgesie zur Behandlung von chronischem Schmerz bei Menschen mit körperlichen Behinderungen: Eine “Fallreihe”

Mark P. Jensen, Marisol A. Hanley, Joyce M. Engel, Joan M. Romano, Joseph Barber, Diana D. Cardenas, George H. Kraft, Amy J. Hoffman, und David R. Patterson

L’analgésie hypnotique de la douleur chronique chez des personnes handicapées : une série de cas

Mark P. Jensen, Marisol A. Hanley, Joyce M. Engel, Joan M. Romano, Joseph Barber, Diana D. Cardenas, George H. Kraft, Amy J. Hoffman et David R. Patterson

La analgesia hipnótica para el dolor crónico en personas con incapacidades: Una serie de casos

Mark P. Jensen, Marisol A. Hanley, Joyce M. Engel, Joan M. Romano, Joseph Barber, Diana D. Cardenas, George H. Kraft, Amy J. Hoffman, y David R. Patterson

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Pages 198-228 | Received 03 Sep 2004, Accepted 13 Sep 2004, Published online: 16 Feb 2007
 

Abstract

Thirty-three adults with chronic pain and a disability were treated with hypnotic analgesia. Analyses showed significant pre- to posttreatment changes in average pain intensity that was maintained at 3-month follow-up. Significant changes were also found in pain unpleasantness and perceived control over pain but not in pain interference or depressive symptoms. Hypnotizability, concentration of treatment (e.g., daily vs. up to weekly), and initial response to treatment were not significantly associated with treatment outcome. However, treatment-outcome expectancy assessed after the first session showed a moderate association with treatment outcome. The findings support the use of hypnotic analgesia for the treatment of pain in persons with disabilities for some patients but not the use of pretreatment measures of hypnotizability or treatment-outcome expectancy for screening patients for treatment.

1This research was supported by grant number R01 HD42838 from the National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Child and Health, National Center for Medical Rehabilitation Research, grant number H133B031129 from the Department of Education, National Center of Disability and Rehabilitation Research, and the Hughes M. and Katherine G. Blake Endowed Professorship in Health Psychology awarded to MPJ. The authors gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Chiara LaRotonda and Kristin McArthur in data collection and data entry.

Zusammenfassung:

Dreiunddreißig Erwachsene mit chronischen Schmerzen und einer Körperbehinderung wurden mit hypnotischen Analgesiesuggestionen behandelt. Die Analysen zeigten signifikante vorher-nachher-Veränderungen in der durchschnittlichen Schmerzintensität, die auch bei einem drei-Monats-Follow-up beibehalten wurden. Signifikante Veränderungen wurden außerdem bei der Unannehmlichkeit des Schmerzes und der wahrgenommenen Kontrolle über den Schmerz beobachtet, jedoch nicht bei der Störung durch die Schmerzen oder bei depressiven Symptomen. Hypnotisierbarkeit, Häufigkeit der Behandlung (z. B. täglich bis zu wöchentlich) und anfängliches Ansprechen auf die Behandlung hingen nicht signifikant mit dem Therapieergebnis zusammen. Die Therapieerfolgserwartungen, erhoben nach der ersten Sitzung, wiesen einen moderaten Zusammenhang zum Ergebnis auf. Die Ergebnisse befürworten den Einsatz von hypnotischer Analgesie bei der Behandlung von Patienten mit Körperbehinderung für einige Patienten, allerdings nicht den Einsatz von Maßen der Hypnotisierbarkeit oder Erfolgserwartung vor der Therapie zum Zwecke der Auswahl von Patienten für die Behandlung.

Ralf Schmaelzle University of KonstanzKonstanz Germany

Résumé:

Trente-trois adultes handicapés souffrant de douleur chronique furent traités par analgésie hypnotique. Les analyses montrent des changement pré- et post-traitement significatifs dans la moyenne d’intensité de la douleur qui s’est maintenue lors d’ un suivi trois mois plus tard. On constate aussi des changements significatifs liés au désagrément de la douleur et à celui du contrôle perçu sur la douleur mais pas dans les douleurs parasites ou les symptômes dépressifs. Le niveau d’hypnotisabilité, la fréquence du traitement (e.g. journalier vs. hebdomadaire), et la réponse initiale au traitement ne furent pas associés aux résultats de traitement de façon significative. Cependant l’évaluation des attentes face aux résultats du traitement après la première session montre une relation modérée avec les résultats du traitement. Ces conclusions favorisent l’utilisation de l’analgésie hypnotique pour le traitement de la douleur chez certains patients handicapés mais non l’utilisation préalable au traitement de mesures d’hypnotisabilité ou de mesure d’attente de résultats pour sélectionner les patients à traiter.

Victor Simon Psychosomatic Medicine & Clinical Hypnosis InstituteLille France

Resumen:

Tratamos con analgesia hipnótica a 33 adultos con dolor crónico e incapacidad. Los análisis mostraron cambios significativos en el dolor promedio pre- y post-tratamiento, cambios que se mantuvieron en un seguimiento a los tres-meses. También encontramos cambios significativos en la molestia del dolor y el control percibido sobre el dolor, pero no en interferencia de dolor ni en síntomas depresivos. Ni la hipnotizabilidad, la concentración del tratamiento (por ejemplo, diario vs. semanalmente), ni la respuesta inicial al tratamiento estuvieron asociadas significativamente con el resultado del tratamiento. Sin embargo, la expectativa del resultado de tratamiento, evaluada después de la primera sesión, mostró una asociación moderada con el resultado del tratamiento. Los hallazgos apoyan el uso con algunos pacientes de la analgesia hipnótica para el tratamiento del dolor en personas con incapacidades, pero no el uso de medidas previas al tratamiento de hipnotizabilidad o expectativa de resultado del tratamiento en la selección de pacientes para el tratamiento.

Etzel Cardeña University of Texas, Pan AmericanEdinburg Texas USA

Notes

1This research was supported by grant number R01 HD42838 from the National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Child and Health, National Center for Medical Rehabilitation Research, grant number H133B031129 from the Department of Education, National Center of Disability and Rehabilitation Research, and the Hughes M. and Katherine G. Blake Endowed Professorship in Health Psychology awarded to MPJ. The authors gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Chiara LaRotonda and Kristin McArthur in data collection and data entry.

An intent-to-treat analyses is performed to estimate the effects of an intervention on a population of individuals who might be offered or who begin treatment. It is a relatively conservative analysis, because it includes participants who would be unlikely to benefit from the treatment even if it were very effective (e.g., treatment dropouts who still provide outcome data are included). An efficacy analysis, on the other hand, excludes these participants. For example, in the current study, data from the patients who did not complete treatment and the patients who developed medical problems unrelated to hypnosis that produced pain were excluded from the efficacy analysis; the former would be expected to show poorer outcomes because they received less treatment, and the latter would be more likely to report increases, not decreases, in pain. Because the efficacy analysis excludes patients whose data would likely contribute to an underestimation of treatment effects, it usually provides a higher estimate of treatment efficacy than the intent-to-treat analysis.

Copies of the entire protocol script are available from the first author.

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