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Original Articles

Extreme Cognitive Interviewing: A Blueprint for False Memories Through Imagination Inflation

Kognitives Interview ad extremum : Ein Bauplan für Falscherinnerungen durch Imaginationsinflation

Wayne G. Whitehouse, Emily Carota Orne und David F. Dinges

L'entretien cognitif extrême :un modèle pour l'obtention de faux souvenirs par l'inflation de l'imagination

Wayne G. Whitehouse, Emily Carota Orne et David F. Dinges

Entrevista cognitiva extrema: Un modelo de falsos recuerdos debidos a la inflación de la imaginación

Wayne G. Whitehouse, Emily Carota Orne, y David F. Dinges

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Pages 269-287 | Received 22 Sep 2009, Accepted 01 Oct 2009, Published online: 25 May 2010
 

Abstract

This article examines a 3-decades-old unsolved homicide, where the victim's 4-year-and-9-month-old daughter was deemed the only eyewitness (Citation State of Nebraska v. Donald J. Sykora, 2008). The authors critique the investigative methods employed over 33 years, with particular emphasis on the final “extreme” cognitive interview of the daughter, which persisted for days and incorporated various imaginative techniques. Adverse circumstances pervade the case: (a) the young age of the presumed witness when the murder occurred; (b) the vulnerability of memory to suggestion and revision over time; (c) the possible earlier use of hypnosis to refresh recall; and (d) implementing a poorly documented, 31-hour cognitive interview that encouraged repetition and fantasy. In this case, the prolonged cognitive interview is perilously hypnotic-like, yielding evidence that must be regarded as a product of imagination inflation—defective for sustaining veridical testimony.

Zusammenfassung

Dieser Artikel untersucht einen 3 Jahrzehnte alten Mordfall, bei dem die die 4Jahre und 9 Monate alte Tochter des Opfers als einziger Zeugin galt (Citation State of Nebraska v. Donald J. Sykora, 2008). Die Autoren kritisieren die über 33 Jahre hinweg eingesetzten Ermittlungsmethoden, insbesondere die übertrieben eingesetzte Technik des kognitiven Interviews der Tochter, welches über Tage hinweg andauerte und diverse imaginative Techniken einsetzte. Widrige Umstände sind typisch für den gesamten Fall: a) das junge Alter der Zeugin zur Tatzeit, b) die Vulnerabilität von Erinnerungen gegenüber Suggestion und Veränderung über die Zeit hinweg, c) dem Einsatz von Hypnose zur Auffrischung der Erinnerung und d) der Durchführung eines schlecht dokumentierten, 31-stündigen kognitiven Interviews, das zu Wiederholung und Phantasie animierte. In diesem Fall wurde das kognitive Interview bedenklich hypnoseähnlich und lieferte Ergebnisse, die als Produkt von Imaginationsinflation anzusehen sind und damit nicht geeignet, wahrheitsgetreue Aussagen zu liefern.

Ralf Schmaelzle University of Konstanz Germany

Résumé

Cet article examine un cas d'homicide non résolu après trois décennies, dans lequel la fille de la victime, alors âgée de quatre ans et neuf mois, était le seule témoin oculaire présumé (State of Nebraska vs Donald J. Sykora, 2008). Les auteurs critiquent les méthodes d'enquête employées depuis plus de trente-trois ans, particulièrement le dernier entretien cognitif ≪extrême≫ avec la fille de la victime, entretien qui avait duré plusieurs jours et avait incorporé diverses techniques faisant appel à l'imagination. Plusieurs circonstances défavorables caractérisent ce cas : a) le jeune âge du témoin présumé au moment du meurtre; b) la vulnérabilité de la mémoire à la suggestion et à la révision au fil du temps; c) le recours antérieur possible à l'hypnose afin de rafraîchir la mémoire du jeune témoin; et d) la conduite d'un entretien cognitif mal documenté, d'une durée de 31 heures, ayant encouragé la répétition et l'affabulation. Dans ce cas-ci, l'entretien cognitif prolongé est dangereusement semblable à l'hypnose, produisant des ≪preuves≫ qui doivent être considérées comme le fruit de l'inflation de l'imagination de la personne interrogée, empêchant ainsi l'obtention d'un témoignage véridique.

Johanne Reynault C. Tr. (STIBC)

Resumen

Este artículo examina un homicidio sin resolver durante 3 décadas, en donde el único testigo ocular fue la hija de la víctima de 4 años y 9 meses (Estado de Nebraska v. Donald J. Sykora, 2008). Los autores critican los métodos de investigación empleados durante más de 33 años, con especial énfasis en la entrevista cognitiva extrema final de la hija, que persistió durante varios días e incorporó varias técnicas imaginativas. Circunstancias adversas impregnan el caso: (a) la edad del presunto testigo cuando ocurrió el asesinato, (b) la vulnerabilidad de la memoria a la sugestión y la revisión con el paso del tiempo, (c) el posible uso previo de la hipnosis para refrescar la memoria, y (d) la aplicación de una entrevista cognitiva mal documentada de 31 horas que alentó la repetición y la fantasía. En este caso, la entrevista cognitiva prolongada es peligrosamente similar a la hipnosis, produciendo evidencia que debe considerarse como producto de la inflación de la imaginación y defectuosa como un testimonio verídico.

Etzel Cardeña Lund University Sweden

We are extremely grateful to the late Donald B. Fiedler, Esq., for his help in providing copies of the police investigative reports from 1971, 2003, and 2004, in addition to permitting us to review the pretrial depositions of the expert witnesses in this case. We thank Dr. Pamela Freyd, who introduced us to Attorney Fiedler and was instrumental in our receiving a number of critical reports and transcripts of testimony. Further cooperation in this effort was provided by Thomas P. Strigenz, Public Defender, Sarpy County Nebraska. Finally, we wish to express our appreciation to Lani and Thomas MacAniff for their valuable technical assistance. The preparation of this article was supported in part by a grant from the Institute for Experimental Psychiatry Research Foundation.

Notes

3Dr. Fisher was certainly an appropriate choice to provide expert testimony regarding the development and acceptance of the cognitive interview by applied memory researchers and the law enforcement community. However, when one considers that Special Agent Bryant had been personally trained by Dr. Fisher in the use of the cognitive interview technique, Dr. Fisher's endorsement at a pretrial deposition of the way in which Mr. Bryant conducted this particular cognitive interview, even with its extreme length and with the target event being 33 years earlier, must be viewed in light of the prior teacher-student relationship, which could raise a conflict of interest issue.

4John E. Reid and Associates, renowned for their development of interviewing and interrogation techniques relevant to law enforcement, recommend that the interrogation of suspects (as opposed to cooperative witnesses) be discontinued after 4 hours to avoid undue emotional distress (CitationInbau, Reid, & Buckley, 1986, p. 310). Similarly, in a survey of more than 600 law enforcement personnel, respondents estimated the mean duration of their prior interrogations to be 1.6 hours whereas estimates of their longest interrogation averaged 4.21 hours (CitationKassin et al., 2007).

Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, 509 U.S. 579 (1993).

State v. Palmer, 210 Neb. 206, 313 N.W. 2d 648 (1981).

State of Nebraska v. Donald J. Sykora, Dist. Ct., Sharpy Co., Docket CR05, p. 148 (dismissed Oct. 28, 2008).

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