Intrinsic dynamics and total energy-shaping control of the ballbot system

ABSTRACT

Research on bipedal locomotion has shown that a dynamic walking gait is energetically more efficient than a statically stable one. Analogously, even though statically stable multi-wheeled robots are easier to control, they are energetically less efficient and have low accelerations to avoid tipping over. In contrast, the ballbot is an underactuated, nonholonomically constrained mobile robot, whose upward equilibrium point has to be stabilised by active control. In this work, we derive coordinate-invariant, reduced, Euler–Poincaré equations of motion for the ballbot. By means of partial feedback linearisation, we obtain two independent passive outputs with corresponding storage functions and utilise these to come up with energy-shaping control laws which move the system along the trajectories of a new Lagrangian system whose desired equilibrium point is asymptotically stable by construction. The basin of attraction of this controller is shown to be almost global under certain conditions on the design of the mechanism which are reflected directly in the mass matrix of the unforced equations of motion.

KEYWORDS:

• Euler–Poincaré equations
• energy shaping
• passivity
• underactuated robotics
• reduction of dynamics

Acknowledgment

This work was supported by the RoDyMan project, which has received funding from the European Research Council FP7 under Advanced Grant 320992.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Additional information

Funding

European Research Council [FP7-320992].