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ABSTRACT
Introduction: Recent research indicated that cognitive speed of processing training (SPT) improved Useful Field of View (UFOV) among individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD). The effects of SPT in PD have not been further examined. The objectives of the current study were to investigate use, maintenance and dose effects of SPT among individuals with PD. Methods: Participants who were randomized to SPT or a delayed control group completed the UFOV at a six-month follow-up visit. Use of SPT was monitored across the six-month study period. Regression explored factors affecting SPT use. Mixed effect models were conducted to examine the durability of training gains among those randomized to SPT (n = 44), and training dose effects among the entire sample (n = 87). Results: The majority of participants chose to continue to use SPT (52%). Those randomized to SPT maintained improvements in UFOV performance. A significant dose effect of SPT was evident such that more hours of training were associated with greater UFOV performance improvements. The cognitive benefits derived from SPT in PD may be maintained for up to three months. Conclusion: Future research should determine how long gains endure and explore if such training gains transfer.
Acknowledgments
We would like to acknowledge financial support from the National Institutes of Health National Institute on Aging, grant 1R21AG033332 (Edwards, PI). We would like to express our gratitude to the study participants as well as to the many other contributors to this study including, but not limited to, Holly Delgado, Eden Feldman, Christine Haley, Elizabeth Hudak, Dr Israt Jahan, Theresa McClain, Chelsea McNee, Adina Mears, Amber Miller, Carol Peronto, Judy Smolk, Kelly Sullivan and Dr Theresa Zesiewicz, who helped to recruit, test and coordinate study participants. Thank you also to Neveen Nawaway and Hope Smith for clerical assistance, as well as the undergraduate student research assistants at the USF Cognitive Aging Lab for data entry assistance. We would also like to thank Drs Aryn Harrison, Jennifer Lister and Alyssa Gamaldo as they served as members on the first author's dissertation committee, of which a previous version of this manuscript was submitted in partial fulfilment.
Declaration of Interest
J. Edwards worked as a limited consultant to Posit Science, Inc., the company that marketed InSight, from June to August 2008, and currently serves on the data safety and monitoring board of NIH grants awarded to employees of Posit Science. Dr Edwards served on Data Safety and Monitoring Boards for a National Institutes of Health grants to Posit Science, Inc., and worked as a consultant to Wilson, Sonsini, Goodrich and Rosati. Dr Hauser served as a consultant for Auspex Pharmaceuticals, Cowan Therapeutics, Gerson Lehrman Group, Allergan, Abbvie, Eli Lilly and Company, Impax Laboratories, Lundbeck Pharmaceuticals, Michael J. Fox Foundation, Teva Pharmaceuticals, UCB BioSciences, Inc. He has served on advisory boards for Acorda Therapeutics, Acadia Pharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Lundbeck Pharmaceuticals, Neurocrine Biosciences, Pfizer, Inc. and Cynapsus Therapeutics. He has served on the Steering Committee for Chelsea Therapeutics, and the Speaker's Bureau for Biotic Therapies, Novartis and Teva Pharmaceuticals. Drs Valdes, Andel and O'Connor report no disclosures. Dr Uc has served as a consultant to Rhythm Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Biotie Therapies and the Michael J. Fox Foundation.
National Institutes of Health National Institute on Aging [grant number 1R21AG033332]. E. Valdes was supported by the National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Aging [grant number 1R36AG049889-01]. E. Uc was additionally supported by [grant number R01 NS044930], Department of Veterans Affairs, Rehabilitation R&D Branch Merit Review Award B6261R, NIH/NIA R21 AG033332, VA Merit Review 1 I01 RX000170-01.