A review: oligodendrocytes in neuronal axonal conduction and methods for enhancing their performance

Abstract

Objectives

This review explores the vital role of oligodendrocytes in axon myelination and efficient neuronal transmission and the impact of dysfunction resulting from neurotransmitter deficiencies related disorders. Furthermore, the review also provides insight into the potential of bionanotechnology for addressing neurodegenerative diseases by targeting oligodendrocytes.

Methods

A review of literature in the field was conducted using Google scholar. Systematic searches were performed to identify relevant studies and reviews addressing the role of oligodendrocytes in neural function, the influence of neurotransmitters on oligodendrocyte differentiation, and the potential of nanotechnology-based strategies for targeted therapy of oligodendrocytes.

Results

This review indicates the mechanisms underlying oligodendrocyte differentiation and the influence of neurotransmitters on this process. The importance of action potentials and neurotransmission in neural function and the susceptibility of damaged nerve axons to ischemic or toxic damage is provided in detail. The potential of bionanotechnology for targeting neurodegenerative diseases using nanotechnology-based strategies, including polymeric, lipid-based, inorganic, organic, and biomimetic nanoparticles, suggests better management of neurodegenerative disorders.

Conclusion

While nanotechnology-based biomaterials show promise for targeted oligodendrocyte therapy in addressing neurodegenerative disorders linked to oligodendrocyte dysfunction, encapsulating neuroprotective agents within nanoparticles offers additional advantages. Nano-based delivery systems effectively protect drugs from degradation and prolong their therapeutic effects, holding promise in overcoming the blood–brain barrier by facilitating drug transport. However, a multifaceted approach is essential to enhance oligodendrocyte differentiation, promote myelin repair, and facilitate myelin dynamics with reduced toxicity. Further research is needed to elucidate the optimal therapeutic approaches and enhance patient outcomes.

Keywords:

• Action potential
• myelin sheath
• oligodendrocytes
• axon damage
• neurodegenerative disease
• nano-based strategies

Acknowledgments

Authors thank the infrastructure support provided by Chettinad Academy of Research and Education and JA thanks CARE for JRF support and University Grant Commission for Senior Research Fellowship under Savitribai Jyotirao Phule Fellowship for Single Girl Child.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Ethics statement

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

Additional information

Funding

The author(s) reported there is no funding associated with the work featured in this article.