Ever since the plus/minus limits on dimensions first started to appear on engineering drawings in the early 1900s, tolerances have been one of the most important issues for every engineer involved in the product realization processes. In particular, with the advancement of computers and CAD/CAM techniques in the 1970s, the tolerance-related issues have continuously drawn the attention of many researchers since then. As a result, a tremendous number of research articles have been published over the last 30 years. This paper aims at a comprehensive state-of-the-art review on various tolerancing issues in design and manufacturing. However, due to the overwhelming number of existing research publications, any reviews on tolerancing issues could by no means be exhaustive. Rather, this review attempts to provide the reader with a view toward a balanced understanding of the various problems in tolerancing by presenting some typical research work for each of the classified fields, and tries to draw the potential research directions in the future.
International Journal of Production Research
Volume 40, 2002 - Issue 11
![Sample our Engineering & Technology journals, sign in here to start your access, latest two full volumes FREE to you for 14 days]({"type":"image" , "src" : "/sda/5933/TOC-Subject-Sample-2021-Engineering-Tech.jpg"})
Reprints and Corporate Permissions
Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?
To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:
Academic Permissions
Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?
Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:
If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.
Related Research Data
Designing Assemblies
Source:
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Operational Dimensioning and Tolerancing in CAPP
Source:
Elsevier BV
A review of representation models of tolerance information
Source:
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
A dimensioning and tolerancing assistance model for CAD/CAM systems
Source:
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Modification of geometric models through variational geometry
Source:
Elsevier BV
Allocation of Tolerances to Minimize Cost of Assembly
Source:
ASME International
Optimal tolerance design for product life cycle
Source:
Informa UK Limited
Tolerancing techniques: the state-of-the-art
Source:
Informa UK Limited
A New Tolerance Analysis Method for Designers and Manufacturers
Source:
ASME International
Some Applications of Artificial Intelligence Techniques to Automatic Tolerance Analysis and Synthesis
Source:
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Machining Accuracy Analysis for Computer-aided Fixture Design Verification
Source:
ASME International
Tolerances: Their Analysis and Synthesis
Source:
ASME International
Analysis of dimensions and tolerances in computer-aided mechanical design
Source:
Elsevier BV
Automated setup selection in feature-based process planning
Source:
Informa UK Limited
The Optimal Tolerance Assignment With Less Than Full Acceptance
Source:
ASME International
A graph-theoretic approach to tolerance charting
Source:
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
ISO manufacturing tolerancing: three-dimensional transfer with analysis line method
Source:
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Optimization of a workpiece considering production requirements
Source:
Elsevier BV
The validation of a process plan by propagated dispersion zones
Source:
Springer Netherlands
A comprehensive review of tolerance analysis models
Source:
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Tolerancing Mechanical Assemblies with CAD and DOE
Source:
Informa UK Limited
Survey of recent advances on the interface between production system design and quality
Source:
Informa UK Limited
A statistical approach for three-dimensional tolerance redesign of mechanical assemblies
Source:
SAGE Publications
Statistical tolerance analysis based on beta distributions
Source:
Elsevier BV
Constrained dimensioning and tolerancing assistance for mechanisms
Source:
Springer Netherlands
A rule-based system for angular tolerance charting
Source:
Elsevier BV
The Application of a Robust Design Method to Tolerancing
Source:
ASME International
Integration of geometric variation and part deformation into variation propagation of 3-D assemblies
Source:
Informa UK Limited
Tolerancing for manufacturing: A three-dimensional model
Source:
Informa UK Limited
Including Geometric Feature Variations in Tolerance Analysis of Mechanical Assemblies
Source:
Informa UK Limited
Determining Dimensions for Process Planning: A Backward Derivation Approach
Source:
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
A review of current geometric tolerancing theories and inspection data analysis algorithms
Source:
National Institute of Standards and Technology
Root Sum Squares Tolerance Analysis with Nonlinear Problems
Source:
ASME International
A modified method of the unified Jacobian-Torsor model for tolerance analysis and allocation
Source:
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Statistical tolerance analysis using FRPDF and numerical convolution
Source:
Elsevier BV
Economic design of product specifications for a complete inspection plan
Source:
Informa UK Limited
New Production Cost-Tolerance Models for Tolerance Synthesis
Source:
ASME International
STATISTICAL TOLERANCE SYNTHESIS USING DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION ZONES
Source:
Informa UK Limited
Modeling spaces for toleranced objects
Source:
SAGE Publications
Variational Solid Modeling for Tolerance Analysis
Source:
American Society of Mechanical Engineers
AUTOMATED SETUP PLANNING FOR LATHE MACHINING
Source:
Elsevier BV
Tolerance Analysis of Machining Fixture Locators
Source:
ASME International
Tolerancing of component dimensions in CAD
Source:
Elsevier BV
Calculation of Tolerance Based on a Minimum Cost Approach
Source:
ASME International
Computer-aided tolerance charting for products with angular features
Source:
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Perception of gap and flush in virtual environments
Source:
Informa UK Limited
Robust design by variability optimization
Source:
Wiley
The Application of Reliability Methods to Tolerancing
Source:
ASME International
Tolerance synthesis using second-order fuzzy comprehensive evaluation and genetic algorithm
Source:
Informa UK Limited
Comparative evaluation of tolerance control chart models
Source:
Informa UK Limited
Optimal tolerance design by response surface methodology
Source:
Informa UK Limited
Part I. Background
Source:
Informa UK Limited
Tolerance design: Choosing optimal tolerance specifications in the design of machined parts
Source:
Wiley
The TTRSs : 13 Constraints for Dimensioning and Tolerancing
Source:
Springer US
Computerized tolerance techniques
Source:
Elsevier BV
Automated tolerance analysis for mechanical assemblies modeled with geometric features and relational data structure
Source:
Elsevier BV
An optimization model for concurrent selection of tolerances and suppliers
Source:
Elsevier BV
Modelling spatial dimensional chains for CAD/CAM applications
Source:
Springer Netherlands
Principles of Process Planning
Source:
Springer Netherlands
ECONOMIC OPTIMIZATION IN PRODUCT DESIGN
Source:
Informa UK Limited
A three dimensional tolerance transfer methodology
Source:
Springer Netherlands
Alternative tolerance allocations for machining parts represented with multiple sets of features
Source:
Informa UK Limited
Algebraic interpretation of geometric tolerances for evaluating geometric uncertainties in solid modeling
Source:
ACM Press
A GA-based search method for the tolerance allocation problem
Source:
Elsevier BV
Representing dimensions, tolerances, and features in MCAE systems
Source:
Elsevier BV
Tolerance analysis of systems in motion taking into account interactions between deviations
Source:
SAGE Publications
A computer aided tolerancing tool I: tolerance specification
Source:
Elsevier
Automating Linear Tolerance Analysis Across Assemblies
Source:
ASME International
Representation of geometric features, tolerances, and attributes in solid modelers based on constructive geometry
Source:
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
Deterministic tolerance synthesis: a comparative study
Source:
Elsevier BV
Tolerancing a solid model with a kinematic formulation
Source:
ACM Press
Optimal tolerance design of assembly for minimum quality loss and manufacturing cost using metaheuristic algorithms
Source:
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
A tree approach for tolerance charting
Source:
Informa UK Limited
Automated tolerance analysis for CAPP system
Source:
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Rapid sequence optimization of spot welds for improved geometrical quality using a novel stepwise algorithm
Source:
Informa UK Limited
Clearance Space in Volumic Dimensioning
Source:
Elsevier BV
Using Monte-Carlo variance reduction in statistical tolerance synthesis
Source:
Elsevier BV
Estimating gradients for statistical tolerance synthesis
Source:
Elsevier BV
Optimal Tolerance Allocation Based on Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation and Genetic Algorithm
Source:
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Optimal process sequence identification and optimal process tolerance assignment in computer-aided process planning
Source:
Elsevier BV
Tolerance Analysis And Synthesis Using Virtual Joints
Source:
Springer Netherlands
A CAD method for tolerance allocation considering manufacturing difficulty based on FMECA tool
Source:
HAL CCSD
A review of automatic dimensioning and tolerancing schemes
Source:
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Interval constraint networks for tolerance analysis and synthesis
Source:
Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Generalized definition and application of tolerance
Source:
SAGE Publications
Assessment and optimization of dimensional tolerances
Source:
Elsevier BV
Sensitive factor for position tolerance
Source:
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Tolerance Optimization Using Genetic Algorithms: Benchmarking with Manual Analysis
Source:
Springer Netherlands
Automating tolerance synthesis: A framework and tools
Source:
Elsevier BV
Orienting Toleranced Polygonal Parts
Source:
SAGE Publications
Recent Developments in Tolerancing Techniques
Source:
Defence Scientific Information and Documentation Centre
Product and process dimensioning and tolerancing techniques. A state-of-the-art review
Source:
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
A matrix approach to the representation of tolerance zones and clearances
Source:
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
An automatic generation method of the coordinate system for automatic assembly tolerance analysis
Source:
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Monte Carlo simulation of tolerance synthesis equations
Source:
Informa UK Limited
Tolerance control in the machining of discrete components
Source:
Elsevier BV
A Computation Method for the Consequences of Geometric Errors in Mechanisms
Source:
Springer US
An integrated joint optimization procedure for robust and tolerance design
Source:
Informa UK Limited
Representation of geometric variations using matrix transforms for statistical tolerance analysis in assemblies
Source:
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
A 2D tolerance chart for machining angular features
Source:
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Modelling and representation of dimensions and tolerances: a survey
Source:
Elsevier BV
Three-dimensional Functional Tolerancing with Proportioned Assemblies Clearance Volume (U.P.E.L : Unions Pondérées d’Espaces de Liberté) : application to setup planning
Source:
Springer US
Using CAD parameter sensitivities for stack-up tolerance allocation
Source:
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Relative positioning of variational part models for design analysis
Source:
Elsevier BV
Modeling and simulating optical MEM switches
Source:
IEEE
Vektorielle Tolerierung zur Qualitätssteuerung in der mechanischen Fertigung
Source:
Elsevier BV
Tolerance chart optimization
Source:
Informa UK Limited
A small displacement torsor model for 3D tolerance analysis of conical structures
Source:
SAGE Publications
Assembly sequencing with toleranced parts
Source:
Elsevier BV
Optimal tolerance allotment using a genetic algorithm and truncated Monte Carlo simulation
Source:
Elsevier BV
CATC — A Computer Aided Tolerance Control system
Source:
Elsevier BV
A Method for Optimal Tolerance Selection
Source:
ASME International
Tolerance Analysis and Synthesis Using Jacobian Transforms
Source:
Elsevier BV
Concurrent optimization of design and machining tolerances using the genetic algorithms method
Source:
Elsevier BV
Worst Case Tolerance Analysis with Nonlinear Problems
Source:
ASME International
A new algorithm for discrete tolerance optimization
Source:
IEEE Comput. Soc. Press
Genetic search methods for assessing geometric tolerances
Source:
Elsevier BV
Optimizing Collet Chuck Designs Using Variation Simulation Analysis
Source:
SAE International
A Total Cost Comparison of Alternative Tolerancing Formulae
Source:
ASME International
Robust Tolerance Synthesis With the Design of Experiments Approach
Source:
ASME International
Review of dimensioning and tolerancing: representation and processing
Source:
Elsevier BV
Design for manufacturing: a dimensioning aspect
Source:
Elsevier BV
Optimum Selection of Discrete Tolerances
Source:
ASME International
Analysis of Design Parameters in Platform Manipulators
Source:
ASME International
Investigating the factors influencing the shop performance in a job shop environment with kanban-based production control
Source:
Informa UK Limited
An automatic tolerance assignment approach for tolerance charting
Source:
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Modeling, Representation and Processing of Tolerances, Tolerance Inspection: a Survey of Current Hypothesis
Source:
Springer US
Robust Tolerance Design With the Integer Programming Approach
Source:
ASME International
Modeling Dispersions Affecting Pre-Defined Functional Requirements of Mechanical Assemblies Using Jacobian Transforms
Source:
Springer Netherlands
Variation Simulation of Stresses Using the Method of Influence Coefficients
Source:
American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Minimum Exponential Cost Allocation of Sure-Fit Tolerances
Source:
ASME International
Tolerances in computer-aided geometric design
Source:
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Alternative manufacturing sequences and tolerance buildup: A point of view and a case study
Source:
Informa UK Limited
Simultaneous tolerancing for design and manufacturing
Source:
Informa UK Limited
A Comprehensive System for Computer-Aided Tolerance Analysis of 2-D and 3-D Mechanical Assemblies
Source:
Springer US
A method of representing dimensions and tolerances on solid based freeform surfaces
Source:
Elsevier BV
Calculating derivatives in statistical tolerance analysis
Source:
Elsevier BV
Optimal tolerance allocation with loss functions
Source:
ASME International
Operational dimensioning and tolerancing in process planning : setup planning
Source:
Informa UK Limited
A Mathematical Model for Geometric Tolerances
Source:
ASME International
Tolerance allocation based on fuzzy logic and simulated annealing
Source:
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Tolerance Management in Construction: A Conceptual Framework
Source:
MDPI AG
Quality Assurance and Tolerance
Source:
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Change of datum of the dimensions on engineering design drawings
Source:
Elsevier BV
Part II. Methods for Estimating Moments
Source:
Informa UK Limited
Review of statistical approaches to tolerance analysis
Source:
Elsevier BV
A Slope-Based Method for Least Cost Tolerance Allocation:
Source:
SAGE Publications
Geometrical Behavior Laws for Computer-aided Tolerancing
Source:
Springer Netherlands
The Optimization Problem With Optimal Tolerance Assignment and Full Acceptance
Source:
ASME International
Tolerance analysis and synthesis for cam mechanisms
Source:
Informa UK Limited
Geometric relationships between toleranced features
Source:
Elsevier BV
Integrating dimensioning and tolerancing in computer-aided process planning
Source:
Elsevier BV
A survey of research in the application of tolerance analysis to the design of mechanical assemblies
Source:
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Robust Tolerance Design for Quality
Source:
ASME International
Geometric Tolerance Transfer for Manufacturing by an Algebraic Method
Source:
Springer Netherlands
Optimal Tolerance Synthesis by Genetic Algorithm under the Machining and Assembling Constraints
Source:
Springer Netherlands
Operational Dimensions and Tolerances Calculation in CAPP Systems for Precision Manufacturing
Source:
Elsevier BV
How to determine the influence of geometric deviations on elastic deformations and the structural performance
Source:
SAGE Publications
Tolerance analysis and allocation of special machine tool for manufacturing globoidal cams
Source:
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Toward a Theory of Geometric Tolerancing
Source:
SAGE Publications
Computer-aided operational dimensioning for process planning
Source:
Elsevier BV
Transforming ISO 1101 Tolerances into Vectorial Tolerance Representations — A CAD-Based Approach
Source:
Springer Netherlands
Tolerance allocation using neural networks
Source:
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Assessment on Tolerance Representation and Tolerance Analysis in Assemblies
Source:
SAGE Publications
A linear programming model for tolerance assignment in a tolerance chart
Source:
Informa UK Limited
Simultaneous Optimization of Design and Manufacturing — Tolerances with Process (Machine) Selection
Source:
Elsevier BV
Mathematical representation of Tolerance Zones
Source:
Springer Netherlands
Toward a Theory for Design of Kinematically Constrained Mechanical Assemblies
Source:
SAGE Publications
From Unambiguously Defined Geometry to the Perfect Quality Control Loop
Source:
Elsevier BV
Geometric accuracy allocation for multi-axis CNC machine tools based on sensitivity analysis and reliability theory
Source:
SAGE Publications
An algebraic approach for dimensional chain identification in process planning
Source:
Informa UK Limited
A pseudo-boolean approach to determining least cost tolerances
Source:
Informa UK Limited
Computer Aided Tolerancing and Dimensioning in Process Planning
Source:
Elsevier BV
Linking provided by
