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Research

The experience of transplantation as reflected in dream life: A case study illustrating the mental processing of a lung transplantFootnote*

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Pages 517-539 | Published online: 04 Jul 2019
 

ABSTRACT

Although it is well known that a lung transplant enhances the recipient’s quality of life, our knowledge of how it is processed mentally is limited. In this study, interviews were conducted with a lung-transplant patient two weeks, three months, and six months after surgery so as to investigate the relevant unconscious processing mechanisms. A dream reported in the first interview was analysed in accordance withapplying the Zurich Dream Process Coding System. A ‘transplantation complex’ was reconstructed on the basis of various sources of information (the dream and the waking narratives). The principal aspects of the transplantation complex that emerged from both the dream and the waking narratives concerned the oral-sadistic phantasy that the donor had been killed and that his lung, or soul, had been violently incorporated in the patient. The main unconscious themes involved in the processing of the transplant were found to have been already laid down in the dream and to have been presented in it in the form of visual analogues. According to our interpretation of the data analysed, powerful cannibalistic phantasies and death wishes played an important part in the processing of the transplant. These archaic phantasies may have been actualized by the transplant.

S'il est bien connu qu'une transplantation pulmonaire améliore la qualité de vie du receveur, notre savoir quant au processus de transformation psychique d'une telle transplantation reste très limité. Les entretiens ont été menés avec un patient ayant subi une transplantation pulmonaire, deux semaines, trois mois et six mois après l'opération, afin d'étudier les mécanismes inconscients de transformation relatifs à cette intervention. Un rêve rapporté par le patient lors du premier entretien, dont la remémoration a fait suite immédiatement à la transplantation, a été analysé suivant le Système zurichois de chiffrage des processus du rêve. Les résultats ont été classés selon des catégories qui ont été utilisées ensuite pour coder les récits faits à l'état de veille pendant les entretiens. Cela a donné lieu à la reconstruction d'un « complexe de transplantation » fondée sur les différentes sources d'informations (le rêve et les narrations à l'état de veille). Les principaux aspects de cette reconstruction du complexe de transplantation révélés à la fois par le rêve et le discours avaient trait au fantasme oral-sadique que le donneur avait été tué et que son poumon, ou son âme, avait été violemment introduit par incorporation dans le patient. Des mécanismes de défense ou de projection furent érigés contre les sentiments de culpabilité et les angoisses surmoïques du patient. Il s'avéra que les principales pensées inconscientes impliquées dans le processus de transformation de la transplantation étaient déjà présentes et figurées dans le rêve sous la forme d'analogons visuels. Selon notre interprétation de l'analyse des données, nous avons pu établir le rôle important joué par les fantasmes anthropophages puissants et les souhaits de mort dans le processus de transformation de la transplantation. Ces fantasmes archaïques ont pu se trouver actualisés par la transplantation. Il nous faudra poursuivre cette recherche plus avant, afin de déterminer dans quelle mesure ce complexe de transplantation inconscient peut être défini comme une caractéristique des patients ayant subi une transplantation et identifier ses effets éventuels sur le psychisme et le comportement lié à la santé.

Dass Lungentransplantationen einen signifikanten Anstieg der Lebensqualität bewirken, ist bestens bekannt. Kenntnisse über die psychologische Verarbeitung einer Lungentransplantation sind jedoch sehr eingeschränkt. Bei einem lungentransplantierten Patienten wurden zwei Wochen, drei Monate und sechs Monate nach einer Lungentransplantation Interviews durchgeführt, mit deren Hilfe unbewusste Verarbeitungsmechanismen untersucht werden sollten. Ein im ersten Interview berichteter Traum, welchen der Patient unmittelbar nach der Transplantation erinnerte, wurde mit Hilfe des Zurich Dream Process Coding Systems analysiert. Die Ergebnisse wurden in Kategorien zusammengefasst, anhand derer die Wachnarrative der Interviews codiert wurden. Unter Berücksichtigung verschiedener Informationsquellen (Traum, Wachnarrative) wurde ein „Transplantationskomplex“ rekonstruiert. Aspekte des rekonstruierten Transplantationskomplexes, welche sowohl im Traum wie in den Wachnarrativen deutlich wurden, betrafen v.a. die oral-sadistischen Phantasie, dass der Spender getötet und seine Lunge bzw. Seele gewaltsam inkorporiert wurden. Schuldgefühle und Überichängste wurden abgewehrt oder nach aussen projiziert. Es zeigte sich, dass die wesentlichen unbewussten Themen in der Verarbeitung der Transplantation bereits im Traum angelegt waren und hier in einer analog-visuellen Weise dargestellt wurden. Bei diesem Patienten spielen intensive kannibalistische Phantasien, und Tötungswünsche laut unserer Interpretation der analysierten Daten eine wesentliche Rolle in der Verarbeitung der Transplantation. Möglicherweise wurden diese archaischen Phantasien infolge der Transplantation aktualisiert. Es bleibt in Zukunft zu untersuchen, inwieweit dieser unbewusste Transplantations-Komplex für Transplantationspatienten typisch ist, und wie dieser Komplex sich auf die Psyche und das Gesundheitsverhalten auswirken könnten.

Per quanto sia noto che la qualità della vita di chi riceve un trapianto polmonare sia soggetta a significativi miglioramenti, la nostra conoscenza dei modi in cui questa esperienza viene elaborata mentalmente è assai limitata. Sono stati condotti dei colloqui con un paziente sottoposto a trapianto polmonare a due settimane, a tre mesi e poi a sei mesi di distanza dall’intervento, in modo da esaminare i meccanismi di elaborazione inconscia ad esso relativi. Si è analizzato un sogno raccontato durante il primo colloquio, e ricordato dal paziente subito dopo il trapianto, facendo riferimento al Sistema di Codifica dei Processi Onirici di Zurigo (Zurich Dream Process Coding System), e i risultati ottenuti sono stati inseriti in categorie successivamente utilizzate per codificare le narrazioni prodotte dal paziente da sveglio durante i colloqui. Sulla base di fonti di informazioni diverse (il sogno e le narrazioni della veglia) è stato quindi ricostruito un ‘complesso del trapianto’. Gli aspetti più importanti del complesso del trapianto ricostruito a partire dal sogno e dalle narrazioni della veglia erano connessi alla fantasia inconscia sadico-orale per cui il donatore dell’organo sarebbe stato ucciso e il paziente avrebbe incorporato violentemente il suo polmone (o la sua anima). Il paziente si trovava in tal modo a difendersi o a proiettare i sensi di colpa e le ansie superegoiche derivati da queste fantasie. Si è anche potuto appurare che le principali tematiche inconsce coinvolte nell’elaborazione del trapianto erano già presenti nel sogno, in cui avevano assunto la forma di analoghi visivi. La nostra interpretazione di questi dati mette in luce come, nell’elaborazione del trapianto, un ruolo importante sia stato svolto da intense fantasie inconsce di cannibalismo e da forti desideri di morte. Queste fantasie arcaiche possono anche essere state mobilitate dal trapianto. Sono necessarie ulteriori ricerche per determinare in quale misura questo complesso inconscio del trapianto riguardi esclusivamente i pazienti trapiantati, e anche per individuare i suoi possibili effetti sulla psiche e sui comportamenti relativi alla sfera della salute.

Aunque es bien conocido que un trasplante pulmonar mejora significativamente la calidad de vida del receptor, nuestro conocimiento sobre cómo se lo procesa mentalmente es muy limitado. A fin de investigar los principales mecanismos de procesamiento inconsciente, se realizaron entrevistas con un paciente con trasplante pulmonar, la primera dos semanas después de la cirugía, y las dos siguientes a los tres y a los seis meses. Se analizó un sueño reportado en la primera entrevista, recordado por el paciente inmediatamente después del trasplante, mediante el Sistema Zurich de Codificación de Procesos Oníricos (ZDPCS, por sus siglas en inglés). Se asignaron los resultados a categorías que fueron luego utilizadas para codificar las narrativas de vigilia en las entrevistas. A partir de diversas fuentes de información (el sueño y las narrativas de vigilia), se reconstruyó un “complejo de trasplante”. Los principales aspectos del complejo de trasplante reconstruido, que emergieron tanto del sueño como de las narrativas de vigilia, estaban relacionados con la fantasía sádico-oral de que el donante había sido asesinado, y que su pulmón, o alma, había sido incorporado de manera violenta en el paciente. Este se defendía de, o proyectaba, sentimientos de culpa y angustias superyoicas. Se encontró que los principales temas inconscientes en el procesamiento del trasplante ya estaban presentes en el sueño, en forma de analogías visuales. De acuerdo a la interpretación de los datos analizados, las fantasías de canibalismo y los deseos tanáticos desempeñaron un papel importante en el procesamiento del trasplante. Posiblemente el trasplante actualizó estas fantasías arcaicas. Se requiere mayor investigación a fin de determinar cuán típico es este complejo inconsciente en pacientes con trasplante e identificar sus posibles efectos en la psique y en la conducta relacionada con la salud.

Acknowledgements

We wish to express our warm thanks to Vera Hortig and Ulrich Moser for their careful and constructive feedback on our manuscript.

Notes

* Translated by Philip Slotkin MA Cantab.

1 The results reported by Seiler et al. (Citation2016a, Citation2016b) and Goetzmann et al. (Citation2018) relate to initial qualitative analyses of the study and also constitute the basis of the present contribution.

2 Elements (or perceptions) that are not transformable are termed beta-elements (Bion Citation1962, 6). A careful reading of the relevant passage in Learning from Experience shows that there are elements that can be transformed by the alpha-function; Bion calls these alpha-elements. Elements that are not transformable by the alpha-function are termed beta-elements. Inability to effect transformation is attributable to disturbance of the alpha-function by powerful affects such as hate or envy (Bion Citation1962, 9), and not to the quality of the beta-elements.

3 [Translator's note: Please see key to table for notation; bekannt means “known.”]

4 [Translator's note: The German word Aussicht can mean “prospect” as well as “view.”]

5 In the Swiss Council of States’ debate of 28 November 2013, the then Cantonal Councillor declared that the state ought not to have the right to dispose of the bodies of dead people as it saw fit, for instance for the purpose of organ donation. Her argument was that the state should similarly not be entitled to permit cannibalism so as to prevent a famine (Bernath Citation2014, 115).

6 The patient has now commenced a course of psychotherapy in which he engages with these issues. Note that the material presented here concerns the mental processing of a transplant in the context of a psychotherapeutic treatment, which might have contributed to the particular abundance of the information from the waking narratives.

7 According to the online encyclopaedia Wikipedia, “the modern definition of massacre as ‘indiscriminate slaughter, carnage’, and the subsequent verb of this form, derive from late 16th century Middle French, evolved from Middle French ‘macacre, macecle’ meaning ‘slaughterhouse, butchery’. Further origins are dubious, though may be related to Latin macellum ‘provisions store, butcher shop’” (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre; accessed 14 November 2018).

8 In order to transform the actualized complex into waking and dream narratives, this actualization is “clamped together” within a typical defensive combination—namely, a deobjectification + interrupt/failure of the cognitive processes. During the course of the three interviews, a decrease in the positioning and actualization of interaction potentials was observable, as well as an increase in further cognitive-level engagement (especially in t2). The defences of interrupts and failure of cognitive processing likewise declined between t1 and t3. Those of subjectlessness and/or objectlessness showed a decrease between t1 and t2, thus revealing, in the course of the three interviews, growing mental integration of the transplant experience on the one hand and a corresponding decline in defensive measures on the other; in other words, progressive integration seems to have rendered the defences less necessary for preserving the sense of security.

9 [Translator's note: Please see footnote 4.]

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by Olga Mayenfisch Stiftung Zurich [Grant Number 6879] and Hartmann Muller Stiftung Zurich [Grant Number 1456].

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