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Interdisciplinary Studies

Genocides and processes of subjectivation: Auschwitz as a paradigm of destructiveness towards the I–Other link

Pages 1148-1161 | Published online: 23 Dec 2020
 

ABSTRACT

The genocides of the previous century made it possible for a group, presenting itself as bearer of legitimacy and common interests, to organize itself in order to eliminate another group of people, regardless of their individuality, merely because they belonged to another group. This is a violation of the basic I–Other bond, which enables identification, communication, psychic life itself. This violation is described in literature on the individual level, from the victims’ viewpoints, and socially, from the viewpoints of the perpetrators and unconcerned spectators. The author analyses how the destruction of this basic bond may be tackled in the analysis room, conferring on the analyst the function of participating witness, and on a social level: the collective trauma produces the collapse of the unconscious narcissistic alliances that guarantee both the individual’s and the group’s psychic survival. Alongside the two great differences that provide grounds for violence – the differences between the sexes and between generations – Kaës asserts that there exists another great difference that is just as significant in causing violence, that which organizes the narcissistic position of the individual with respect to the group. The work of elaboration concerns the narcissistic contracts rooted in intersubjectivity, which allow for a shared life without annihilating healthy individual narcissism in its self-referential and group aspects.

Les génocides du siècle passé ont permis à un groupe, se prétendant porteur d’une légitimité et d’intérêts communs, de s’organiser afin d’éliminer un autre groupe de personnes, nonobstant leur individualité, simplement en raison de leur appartenance à un autre groupe. Ceci constitue une violation du lien de base Je-Autre, lien qui permet l’identification, la communication et la vie psychique elle-même. Cette violation est décrite dans la littérature au niveau individuel, du point de vue des victimes, et au niveau social, du point de vue des auteurs de ces crimes et de celui des spectateurs indifférents. L’auteur de cet article analyse de quelle façon la destruction de ce lien de base peut être abordée dans le cabinet du psychanalyste, en conférant à ce dernier la fonction de témoin participant et, au niveau social : le trauma collectif produit l’effondrement des alliances narcissiques inconscientes qui garantissent à la fois la survie psychique de l’individu et celle du groupe. Parallèlement aux deux principales différences qui sont au fondement de la violence, à savoir la différence des sexes et la différence des générations, René Kaës affirme qu’il existe une autre différence de taille qui est tout aussi importante comme facteur de violence ; il s’agit de celle qu’il décrit comme organisant la position narcissique de l’individu à l’égard du groupe. Le travail d’élaboration a trait aux contrats narcissiques ancrés dans l’intersubjectivité, qui permettent une vie partagée sans annihiler le bon narcissisme individuel dans ses aspects auto-référencés et groupaux.

Die Genozide des vergangen Jahrhunderts ermöglichten einer Gruppe, die sich als tragende Säulen des Gesetzes und Vertreter der Interessen der Allgemeinheit darstellte, sich zur Vernichtung einer anderen Gruppe von Menschen zu organisieren – und zwar unabhängig von deren Individualität und einzig und allein, weil diese Menschen einer anderen Gruppe angehörten. Dies stellt eine Verletzung der grundlegenden Bindung zwischen Ich und dem Anderen dar, die Identifikation, Kommunikation, das psychische Leben an sich erst möglich macht. Diese Verletzung wird in der Literatur auf der individuellen Ebene aus der Sicht der Opfer und gesamtgesellschaftlich aus der Sicht der Täter und unbeteiligten Zuschauer dargestellt. Die Autorin untersucht, wie man sich der Zerstörung dieser grundlegenden Bindung im psychoanalytischen Behandlungsraum annehmen kann, indem dem Analytiker die Funktion des teilnehmenden Zeugen übertragen wird – und wie man gesellschaftlich damit umgehen kann: Das kollektive Trauma führt zum Zusammenbruch der unbewussten narzisstischen Bündnisse, die sowohl das psychische Überleben des Individuums als auch das der Gruppe garantieren. Neben den zwei großen Unterschieden, die den Boden für Gewalt bereiten – die Unterschiede zwischen Geschlechtern und Generationen – führt Kaës an, dass es einen weiteren großen Unterschied gibt, der für die Entstehung von Gewalt genauso wichtig ist – nämlich jener, der die narzisstische Position des Individuums in Bezug auf die Gruppe organisiert. Er geht ausführlich auf in der Intersubjektivität verwurzelte narzisstische Kontrakte ein, die ein gemeinsames Leben ohne Vernichtung des gesunden individuellen Narzissmus in seinen selbstreferenziellen und auf die Gruppe bezogenen Aspekten ermöglichen.

I genocidi del secolo scorso hanno realizzato la possibilità che un gruppo, che si presenta portatore di legittimità e di interessi comuni, si organizzi per eliminare un insieme di persone, indipendentemente dalla loro individualità, solo in ragione della loro appartenenza a un altro gruppo. Si tratta di una violazione del legame di base Io-altro che rende possibile l’identificazione, la comunicazione, la stessa vita psichica. Questa violazione è descritta in letteratura a livello individuale, dal punto di vista delle vittime, e da un punto di vista sociale, quello dei perpetratori e degli spettatori indifferenti. L’autore analizza come affrontare questa distruzione del legame di base, nella stanza di analisi conferendo all’analista la funzione di testimone partecipe, e a livello sociale: il trauma collettivo produce un crollo delle alleanze inconsce narcisistiche che assicurano sia la sopravvivenza psichica dell’individuo sia del gruppo di appartenenza. Oltre all’elaborazione delle due grandi differenze che sono occasione di violenze, la differenza dei sessi e delle generazioni, Kaës afferma che esiste un’altra grande differenza ugualmente causa di violenza, quella che organizza la posizione del narcisismo sano del singolo rispetto al gruppo di appartenenza. Il lavoro di elaborazione riguarda i contratti narcisistici radicati nell’intersoggettività, che rendono possibile una vita condivisa senza annientare il narcisismo individuale, nei suoi aspetti autoreferenziali e gruppali. Parole chiave: genocidio, trauma collettivo, nazismo, grandi differenze, narcisismo, soggettivazione, garanti metapsichici.

Notes

1 Alessandro Galante Garrone, historian, magistrate and partisan, suggested to Antonicelli that he publish Primo Levi's book with these words:

Dear Francesco, here is the manuscript by Primo Levi that I talked to you about. I don't believe I am mistaken in considering it superior to everything I have read in this genre. But I would rather trust your sound judgement. It seems to me not only a highly significant historical and human document … but, in a great many of its pages, something beautiful. (Reichel Citation2019, 28)

2 To which can be added the observations of Kahn (Citation2018) on the narcissistic weaknesses that allow the connection between the death drive and the ego ideal, in that the destructiveness of the id is used by the ego ideal as a cover that makes available immersion in the mass as a potent narcissistic identification.

3 Something that the Auschwitz event has shown can be destroyed, damaging the semipermeable barrier between fantasy and reality, and the possibility of transformation and subjectivation, as Franco Fornari (Citation1964) had earlier envisaged in relation to the threat of nuclear war: the worst fantasy of total destruction present in the inner world has become a possible reality, and the psyche is under the threat of breakdown of the fine membrane that separates and unites fantasy and experience of the world outside the self.

4 In physics, a phenomenon that manifests every time a wave (of light, elastic, etc.) encounters an obstacle (e.g. a hole, a gap, an edge) and because of which all points on the obstacle become sources of other coherent elementary spherical waves; beyond the opaque obstacle the waves are able to reach other points that would remain in shadow if the propagation were simply rectilinear.

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