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Original Articles

Literacy and cognitive change among ethnically diverse elders

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Pages 47-60 | Published online: 13 May 2010
 

Abstract

Research concerned with relations between literacy level and assessment of cognition among ethnically diverse elders is presented. The evidence suggests that literacy has a profound effect on neuropsychological measures across verbal and nonverbal domains, and that this effect is independent of other demographic and experiential factors such as age, years of education, sex, ethnicity, and language use. It appears that reading level is a more sensitive predictor of baseline test performance, and also that literacy skills are protective against memory decline. Adjustment for reading level, which in part reflects quality of education, overcomes the limitations of years of education as an index of educational experience among multicultural elders and thus can improve the specificity of certain neuropsychological measures. Differences in organization of visuospatial information, lack of previous exposure to stimuli, and difficulties with interpretation of the logical functions of language are possible factors that affect test performance of elders with low levels of literacy.

Une recherche portant sur les relations entre le niveau d'alphabétisation et l'évaluation de la cognition chez les aînés de diverses ethnies est présentée. Les études antérieures suggèrent que l'alphabétisation a un effet marqué sur les mesures neuropsychologiques à travers les domaines verbaux et non verbaux et que cet effet est indépendant d'autres facteurs démographiques et expérimentaux tels que l'âge, le nombre d'années de scolarité, le sexe, le groupe ethnique et la langue utilisée. Il apparaît que le niveau de lecture est un prédicteur plus sensible de la performance de base à un test et aussi que les habiletés d'alphabétisation protègent contre le déclin de la mémoire. L'adaptation au niveau de lecture, lequel reflète en partie la qualité de l'éducation, surpasse les limites associées au nombre d'années de scolarité en tant qu'indice d'expérience éducative chez des personnes âgées de différentes cultures et, ainsi, peut améliorer la spécificité de certaines mesures neuropsychologiques. Les différences dans l'organisation d'informations visuospatiales, le manque d'exposition antérieure aux stimuli et les difficultés avec l'interprétation des fonctions logiques du langage sont des facteurs pouvant potentiellement avoir un impact sur la performance au test chez les aînés ayant de faibles niveaux d'alphabétisation.

Se presenta una investigación acerca de la relación entre el nivel educativo y la evaluación de habilidades cognitivas en adultos de diferentes grupos culturales (etnias). Los hallazgos sugieren que la educación tiene un profundo efecto en medidas neuropsicológicas tanto en áreas verbales como no verbales, y que este efecto es independiente de otros factores demográficos y de experiencia como la edad, años de educación, sexo, etnicidad y uso del lenguaje. Al parecer, el nivel de lectura es un predictor más sensible del desempeño inicial en las pruebas, y las habilidades de lectura y escritura (literacy skills) protegen del deterioro de la memoria. Ajustar puntajes de acuerdo al nivel de lectura, lo cual refleja la calidad de la educación, supera las limitaciones de tomar los años de educación como un índice de experiencia educacional entre adultos de diferentes grupos culturales mejorando la especificidad de ciertas medidas neuropsicológicas. Los factores que afectan el desempeño de adultos con bajo nivel educativo incluye diferencias en la organización de información visoespacial, falta de exposición previa a los estímulos y a dificultades en la interpretación de las funciones lógicas del lenguaje.

Notes

Correspondence should be sent to Jennifer Manly, PhD, G. H. Sergievsky Center, 630 West 168th Street P& S Box 16, New York, NY 10032, USA (E‐mail: [email protected]).

This research was supported by federal grants AG16206 (J. Manly), AG07232 (R. Mayeux), the Alzheimer's Association, and the New York City Speakers Fund for Biomedical Research—Toward the Science of Patient Care. The authors thank Rosann Costa for her help with data management, Maria Gonzalez‐Diaz, Cherita McDowell, and Judes Fleurimont for assistance with scheduling and interviewing participants.

SRT=Selective Reminding Test; BVRT=Benton Visual Retention Test; MMSE=Mini‐Mental State Examination; WAIS‐R=Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale ‐ Revised; DRS=Dementia Rating Scale; BDAE=Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination.

aThe effect of literacy (literate vs. illiterate) on neuropsychological test score after the effect of language (English vs. Spanish) is accounted for using 2×2 ANOVA.

WAT=Word Accentuation Test.

SRT=Selective Reminding Test; BVRT=Benton Visual Retention Test; MMSE=Mini‐Mental State Examination; WAIS‐R=Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–Revised; DRS=Dementia Rating Scale; BDAE=Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination.

aExcept for the effect of WAT on Orientation, all R2 are significant below the.001 level.

WRAT‐3=Wide Range Achievement Test–Version 3.

a t(134)=4.34; p<.001.

b t(134)=13.22; p<.001.

cχ2(1)=19.56; p<.001.

SRT=Selective Reminding Test; BVRT=Benton Visual Retention Test; MMSE=Mini‐Mental State Examination; WAIS‐R=Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–Revised; DRS=Dementia Rating Scale; BDAE=Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Jennifer J. ManlyFootnote

Correspondence should be sent to Jennifer Manly, PhD, G. H. Sergievsky Center, 630 West 168th Street P& S Box 16, New York, NY 10032, USA (E‐mail: [email protected]). This research was supported by federal grants AG16206 (J. Manly), AG07232 (R. Mayeux), the Alzheimer's Association, and the New York City Speakers Fund for Biomedical Research—Toward the Science of Patient Care. The authors thank Rosann Costa for her help with data management, Maria Gonzalez‐Diaz, Cherita McDowell, and Judes Fleurimont for assistance with scheduling and interviewing participants.

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