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Evolution, Phylogeny and Biogeography

Stingless bee distribution and richness in El Salvador (Apidae, Meliponinae)

Distribución de abejas sin aguijón y riqueza en El Salvador (Apidae, Meliponinae)

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Pages 1-10 | Received 12 Mar 2011, Accepted 18 Dec 2014, Published online: 21 Jun 2015
 

Abstract

This is the first complete inventory of stingless bees in El Salvador. It includes the spatial distribution of wild and managed colonies and the relationships between their occurrence and vegetation cover, altitude and temperature. Applying a stratified sampling, we located wild colonies (n = 477) and managed colonies (n = 686) of stingless bees in tropical forests, agricultural fields and urban areas. Each stratum (14) was a department (political division) of El Salvador. We made maps of the distribution of the most common wild and managed species. We analysed spatial distribution of colonies through the Clark and Evans Index (CEI). For the estimation of diversity between departments, the Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H) was calculated. The relationship between species richness and vegetation cover was analysed through the chi-square test. Linear regression was used to evaluate the effects of altitude and temperature on species richness. We concluded that: (a) there are at least 20 species, six subgenera and 10 genera of stingless bees in El Salvador; (b) the departments with highest levels of diversity were Santa Ana (H′ = 2.55), Chalatenango (H′ = 2.41), Morazán (H′ = 2.31) and La Libertad (H′ = 2.22); (c) the most abundant wild species, was Tetragonisca angustula (n = 156, relative abundance = 32.70%) and was found in each department in clustered pattern (CEI = .26, p < .001); (d) Melipona beecheii (n = 405, relative abundance = 59.04%) was the most frequent managed species, mainly found in a clustered pattern (CEI = .28, p < .001) in the northern and the western part of El Salvador; (e) the species richness is associated with the vegetation cover: increased with coniferous forest (X2 = 336.1, p < .001), fruit trees (X2 = 41.8, p < .001), and with temperature (r = .86, p = .0015) but decreased with altitude (r = −.87, p = .001).

Este es el primer inventario completo de abejas sin aguijón en El Salvador. Se incluyó la distribución espacial de colonias silvestres y domesticadas, además de la relación entre la riqueza de especies con la cobertura vegetal, altitud y temperatura. Se aplicó un muestreo estratificado a las colonias silvestres (n = 477) y colonias domesticadas (n = 686) de las abejas sin aguijón localizadas en bosques tropicales, zonas agrícolas y zonas urbanas. Cada estrato (14) fue un departamento (división política) de El Salvador. También se elaboraron mapas de la distribución de las colonias silvestres y domesticadas más frecuentes. La distribución espacial de las colonias fue analizada a través del índice de Clark y Evans (CEI). La diversidad para cada departamento se calculó por medio del índice de Shannon-Wiener (H'). La relación entre la cobertura vegetal y la riqueza de especies se analizó con chi-cuadrado. Se aplicó regresión lineal para relacionar la altitud y la temperatura con la riqueza de especies. Las conclusiones fueron: a. hay por lo menos 20 especies, seis subgéneros y diez géneros de abejas sin aguijón en El Salvador; b. los departamentos con los más altos niveles de diversidad fueron Santa Ana (H' = 2.55), Chalatenango (H' = 2.41), Morazán (H' = 2.31​​) y La Libertad (H' = 2.22); c. la especie silvestre más abundante fue Tetragonisca angustula (n = 156, abundancia relativa = 32.70%) y se encontró en cada departamento en grupos (CEI = 0.26, P < 0.001); d. la especie doméstica más frecuente fue Melipona beecheii (n = 405, abundancia relativa = 59.04%) localizada principalmente al norte y el oeste de El Salvador también en grupos (CEI = 0.28, P < 0.001 ); y e. la riqueza de especies está relacionada con la cobertura vegetal: se incrementó en el bosque de coníferas (X² = 336.1, P < 0.001) y árboles frutales (X² = 41.8, P < 0.001), disminuyó con la altitud (r = -0.87, P = 0.0010) y aumentó con la temperatura (r = 0.86, p = 0,0015).

Acknowledgements

Important was the participation of keepers of stingless bees, Dr David Roubik in identification of species and reviewing the manuscript, Dr Joaquin Castro Montoya in reviewing of structure of the article and English translation, Engineer Mario Bermudez in statistical analysis of the data, MSc. Guillermo Mejía in use of R software. Also the collaborations of students in field work: Ivonne Guadalupe López, Rebeca Eunice Martínez, Serafín Constanza Rivas, Roxana Villaherrera and the students in elaboration of maps: Abel Alexei Argueta Platero, José Armando Martínez and Irvin David Cáceres Cruz.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Additional information

Funding

This research was supported by Council of Scientific Research, University of El Salvador (CIC-UES).

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