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Pathology and parasitology

Potential for virus transfer between the honey bees Apis mellifera and A. cerana

Potencial de transferencia de virus entre abejas la abeja de la miel Apis mellifera y A. cerana

, , , , &
Pages 179-191 | Received 23 Jan 2015, Accepted 07 Jul 2015, Published online: 11 Mar 2016
 

Abstract

Viruses seem to play a key role in European honey bee, Apis mellifera health, and have a much broader host spectrum than previously thought. Few studies have investigated interspecific virus transfer within the genus Apis. The introduction of A. mellifera into Asia exposed endemic Apis species to the risk of obtaining new viruses or viral strains and vice versa. To investigate the potential for host shifts, virus prevalence and sequences were monitored over three years in single and mixed-species apiaries hosting introduced A. mellifera and endemic Apis cerana. Deformed wing virus (DWV), Israeli acute paralysis virus (IAPV), black queen cell virus (BQCV), and sacbrood virus (SBV) were found, but not KBV, VDV-1, ABPV, or CBPV. Virus infections and prevalence were generally lower in A. cerana compared to A. mellifera, and varied over the years. The sequence data provided evidence for interspecific transfer of IAPV, BQCV, and DWV, but SBV strains seem to be species specific. Prevalence and sequence results taken together indicate that interspecific transfers of viruses are rare, even if honey bees are kept in close proximity. We discuss the pattern observed in the context host specificity and resistance. Our understanding of the extent of these exchanges is limited by a lack of knowledge on the mechanisms of adaptation of viruses to different hosts.

Los virus parecen jugar un papel clave para la salud de la abeja europea de la miel, Apis mellifera, y éstos presentan un espectro de hospedador mucho más amplio del que se pensaba previamente. Los estudios que han investigado la transferencia interespecífica de virus dentro del género Apis son escasos. La introducción de A. mellifera en Asia expuso a las especies endémicas de Apis al riesgo de contraer nuevos virus o nuevas cepas de virus y viceversa. Para investigar el potencial de cambio de hospedador, se realizó un monitoreo de la prevalencia de virus y de sus secuencias durante tres años en apiarios que albergaban de forma exclusiva a la especie introducida A. mellifera y / o a la especie endémica A. cerana. Se encontró DWV, IAPV, BQCV y SBV, pero no KBV, VDV-1, ABPV o CBPV. La prevalencia e infección por virus fue generalmente más baja en A. cerana en comparación con A. mellifera, y varió a lo largo de los años. Los datos de las secuencias proporcionaron evidencia de la transferencia interespecífica de IAPV, BQCV y DWV, pero las cepas de SBV parecen ser específicas de especie. Los resultados de las prevalencias y de las secuencias tomados en conjunto indican que la transferencia interespecífica de virus es rara, incluso si las abejas son mantenidas en estrecha cercanía. Se discuten los patrones observados en el contexto de la especificidad del hospedador y de la resistencia. Nuestra comprensión de la magnitud de estos intercambios se ve limitada por la falta de conocimiento sobre los mecanismos de adaptación de los virus a diferentes hospedadores.

Acknowledgments

We wish to thank Jin-Lian Zhang for her help in the field, Qi-Yun Hua for logistical assistance, Zhang-Gen Yu for access to his apiary for sampling, Laurent Gauthier, as well as anonymous referees for constructive comments on an earlier draft of this article.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported to OY and PN by the Swiss National Science Foundation [grant number SNF 31003A_141006/1] and the COST funded project VIVA, to HQZ by National Natural Science Foundation of China [grant number 31101773], to XLS by Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China [grant number LY13C170004], to FLH by Science and Technology Department of Zhejiang Province, China [grant number 2012C12906-19] and to VD by the Qian-Tang River expert program.

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