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Pathology and parasitology

Infectivity of Nosema ceranae isolates from different hosts and immune response in honey bees Apis mellifera and Apis cerana

Infectividad de aislados de Nosema ceranae de diferentes hospedadores y respuesta immunitaria en las abejas de la miel Apis mellifera y Apis cerana.

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Pages 200-206 | Received 18 Jun 2013, Accepted 06 Jan 2014, Published online: 11 Mar 2016
 

Abstract

The microsporidium, Nosema ceranae, was first discovered in Apis cerana. Currently, N. ceranae is a highly prevalent parasite in A. mellifera colonies worldwide. The pathology of N. ceranae and how bees defend themselves from this pathogen have been reported. Here, we investigated the infectivity of two N. ceranae isolates from different honey bee species, A. mellifera and A. cerana. Our results showed that the N. ceranae isolate from A. mellifera had a significantly higher infectivity than another isolate from A. cerana in all experimental cages of A. mellifera and A. cerana. Moreover, when comparing the infectivity of each N. ceranae isolate between the original and new hosts, it seems that no significant difference was obtained. The immunity-related enzymes in honey bees following N. ceranae inoculation were also analyzed at day six after spore feeding. Phenol oxidase (PO) transcript levels were up-regulated in A. cerana when inoculated by both N. ceranae isolates, but were not significantly different. However, the transcript level for PO in one experimental cage of A. mellifera was significantly down-regulated when inoculated with N. ceranae. Significant glucose dehydrogenase suppression occurred in only one cage of each honey bee species.

El microsporidio Nosema ceranae fue descubierto por primera vez en Apis cerana. Actualmente, N. ceranae es un parásito altamente prevalente en las colonias de A. mellifera de todo el mundo. Se ha informado sobre la patología de N. ceranae y cómo las abejas se defienden del patógeno. Aquí investigamos la infectividad de dos aislados de N. ceranae de diferentes especies de abeja de la miel, A. mellifera y A. cerana. Nuestros resultados muestran que N. ceranae aislado de A. mellifera tiene una infectividad significativamente mayor que el otro aislado de A. cerana en todas las cajas experimentales de A. mellifera y A. cerana. Además, cuando se compara la infectividad de cada aislado de N. ceranae entre el hospedador original y el nuevo, no parecen obtenerse diferencias significativas. También se analizó la inmunidad relacionada con enzimas en abeja de la miel tras la inoculación con N. ceranae en el día 6 desde la ingesta de las esporas. Los niveles de transcritos de fenol oxidasa (FO) se sobre-expresaron en A. ceranae cuando se inoculó con ambos aislados de N. ceranae, pero no hubo diferencias significativas. Sin embargo, los niveles de transcritos de FO en una de las jaulas experimentales de A. mellifera disminuyeron significativamente con la inoculación de N. ceranae. Un nivel significativo de supresión de la glucosa deshidrogenasa (GLD) ocurrió solamente en una de las cajas de cada especie de abeja de la miel.

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Dr. Jay D Evans (USDA-ARS Bee Research Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, USA) for suggestion in calculating the quantitative PCR assays. We thank Michele Hamilton (USDA-ARS Bee Research Laboratory, Beltsville, MD) for English revision of this manuscript.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by the Thailand Research Fund and National Research University, Office of Higher Education Commission.

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