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Pathology and Parasitology

A pest and disease survey of the isolated Norfolk Island honey bee (Apis mellifera) population

Una encuesta sobre plagas y enfermedades de la población aislada de abejas de la miel (Apis mellifera) de la Isla Norfolk

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Pages 202-211 | Received 29 Apr 2015, Accepted 17 Aug 2015, Published online: 09 Sep 2016
 

Abstract

Norfolk Island is one of Australia’s most remote communities, located about 1,400 km east of the mainland. This report is the first documented survey of pests and diseases affecting the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) population on Norfolk Island. The only invertebrate pest detected during the survey was the lesser wax moth (Achroia grisella), and only one honey bee virus was identified (Lake Sinai virus 1). The microsporidian parasite Nosema ceranae was also detected in the majority of adult bee samples, but Nosema apis was not present in any of the samples analyzed. Given that honey bee imports to Norfolk Island ceased in 1992, we discuss possible scenarios for N. ceranae introduction to the island. Lineage analysis also determined that Norfolk Island’s honey bees are for the most part from Eastern Europe (probably A. m. ligustica and A. m. carnica) with a small percentage from Western Europe (probably A. m. mellifera). This survey has identified a remote and isolated honey bee population that is relatively free from major pests and diseases that affect honey bees around the world. This knowledge will help inform trade policy and management strategies for maintaining the unique health status of honey bees on Norfolk Island.

La isla Norfolk es una de las comunidades más remotas de Australia, situada unos 1.400 km al este de la península. Este informe es el primer estudio documentado de plagas y enfermedades que afectan a la población de abeja de la miel (Apis mellifera L.) en la Isla Norfolk. La única plaga de invertebrados detectada durante la encuesta fue la polilla pequeña de la cera (Achroia grisella), y sólo se identificó un virus de la abeja de la miel (virus del Lago Sinaí 1). El parásito microsporidio Nosema ceranae también se detectó en la mayoría de las muestras de abejas adultas, mientras que Nosema apis no estaba presente en ninguna de las muestras analizadas. Teniendo en cuenta que las importaciones de abejas de miel a Isla Norfolk cesaron en 1992, se discuten los posibles escenarios para la introducción de N. ceranae a la isla. El análisis de linaje también determinó que las abejas de miel de Isla Norfolk son en su mayor parte de Europa del Este (probablemente A. m. ligustica y A. m. carnica) con un pequeño porcentaje de Europa occidental (probablemente A. m. mellifera). Esta encuesta ha identificado una población de abejas remota y aislada que está relativamente libre de las principales plagas y enfermedades que afectan a las abejas de la miel de todo el mundo. Este conocimiento ayudará a informar las políticas comerciales y las estrategias de manejo para mantener el estado de salud único de las abejas de miel en la isla de Norfolk.

Acknowledgments

We thank the Australian Government and the Norfolk Island Administration for engaging us to participate in the NIQS, as well as Plant Health Australia which acted as the lead agency for this survey. We also thank the beekeepers and residents of Norfolk Island who assisted in this project and allowed their hives to be used as part of this survey, particularly Merv Buffett, Steve Knobbs (Snobbles), and Neil Tavener (Snow). We also thank Carson Creagh for editing this paper and providing many valuable comments.

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