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Pathology and Parasitology

Any role for the dissemination of Nosema spores by the blue-tailed bee-eater Merops philippinus?

¿Qué papel juega el abejaruco coliazul Merops philippinus en la diseminación de esporas de Nosema?

, , , , , , & show all
Pages 262-269 | Received 01 Dec 2016, Accepted 09 Mar 2017, Published online: 24 Mar 2017
 

Abstract

Pathogens are major suspects for the current massive losses of honey bee colonies worldwide. Information about circulation and modes of transmission of Nosema ceranae, an emergent microsporidium parasite of Apis mellifera, is currently lacking. Here we examine the dispersion of N. ceranae and N. apis by the blue-tailed bee-eater Merops philippinus, a migratory bird whose distribution along Southeast Asia overlaps with the original distribution of N. ceranae. We investigate the presence of Nosema spp. spores in bee-eater pellets, feces and nest material collected on the isolated Kinmen island (Taiwan). We found N. ceranae in all types of samples, whilst N. apis was not detected. We describe for the first time the occurrence of N. ceranae spores in birds’ feces, which increases the potential of this bird species as a dispersive agent of the parasite. We molecularly assessed the occurrence of A. cerana and A. mellifera remains in infected and non-infected samples. We discuss the low prevalence of N. ceranae in fomites with Apis spp. in relation to the ecological characteristics of the study area (isolation, low abundance of bees) and their implications on the origin and dispersal of the pathogen. Our results allow us to generalize the likely role of avian bee predators as potential disseminators of this pathogen all over the world.

Los patógenos se encuentran entre los principales sospechosos de las actuales pérdidas masivas de colonias de abejas. Actualmente, existe escasa información sobre la circulación y forma de transmisión de Nosema ceranae, un emergente microsporidio parásito de Apis mellifera. En este trabajo examinamos la posible dispersión de N. ceranae y N. apis por parte del abejaruco coliazul Merops philippinus, un ave migratoria cuya distribución a lo largo del sureste de Asia se solapa con la distribución original de N. ceranae. Investigamos la presencia de esporas de Nosema spp. en egagrópilas, heces y material del nido de abejarucos nidificantes en la isla de Kinmen (Taiwan). Describimos por primera vez la presencia de esporas de N. ceranae en heces del ave, lo que aumenta su potencial como posible agente dispersante del parásito, así como confirmamos su presencia en los otros dos tipos de fómites. Por el contrario, no hallamos esporas de N. apis en ninguno de ellos. Se comprobó molecularmente la presencia de restos de A. cerana y A. mellifera en muestras infestadas y no infestadas. Se discute la baja prevalencia de N. ceranae en fómites con Apis spp. en relación con las características ecológicas del área de estudio (aislamiento, baja abundancia de abejas) y sus implicaciones en el origen y diseminación del patógeno. Nuestros resultados nos permiten generalizar el papel probable de depredadores aviares de abejas como diseminadores potenciales de este patógeno por todo el mundo.

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Cristina Botías, Soledad Sagastume, Almudena Cepero, Virginia Albendea, Carmen Abascal, Carmen Rogerio and Teresa Corrales for their technical support. We are also thankful to Wei-Ting Chen and Feng-Wei Chen for the data collection.

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