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Review Articles

Composition and properties of Apis mellifera honey: A review

Composición y propiedades de la miel de Apis mellifera: una revisión

, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon &
Pages 5-37 | Received 08 Nov 2016, Accepted 01 Jun 2017, Published online: 23 Jun 2017
 

Abstract

Honey is a natural sweetener with a complex composition. Honey features vary depending on the botanical source and geographical origin, as well as climatic, processing and storage conditions. Honey is mainly composed of carbohydrates and water, parameters that influence its shelf life and some of its properties, including color, flavor, density, viscosity, hygroscopicity, and crystallization. Honey also contains small amounts of other components, such as nitrogen compounds, organic acids, minerals, vitamins, Maillard reaction products, volatile compounds, and several bioactive substances that affect sensory and physical characteristics, as well as biological potential. This review summarizes the literature about the composition and main properties of honey. It also describes the use of honey as a biomonitor for collecting information about the environment, identifying environmental contamination and assessing the level of soil, water, plant and air pollution.

La miel es un edulcorante natural de composición compleja. Sus características varían dependiendo de los orígenes botánicos y geográficos, así como de las condiciones climáticas, procesado y almacenamiento. Se compone principalmente de carbohidratos y agua, parámetros que influyen sobre su vida útil y algunas propiedades, entre las que destacan el color, aroma, sabor, densidad, viscosidad, higroscopicidad y granulación. La miel también contiene pequeñas cantidades de otros compuestos como sustancias nitrogenadas, ácidos orgánicos, sales minerales, vitaminas, productos de las reacciones de Maillard, materias volátiles y algunos componentes bioactivos que afectan a algunos atributos de este alimento, tales como sus características sensoriales y físicas, y su potencial biológico. Este trabajo resume las referencias bibliográficas sobre composición y principales propiedades de la miel. También describe el empleo de la miel como biomarcador para recoger información sobre el medio ambiente, identificar la contaminación ambiental y evaluar el nivel de contaminación del suelo, agua y aire.

Acknowledgements

Ana Pascual-Maté, Maria Teresa Sancho-Ortiz are very grateful to Cipriano Ramos and Mónica Pascual for their valuable help.

Ligia Bicudo de Almeida-Muradian thanks Leila Aparecida Bonadio for helping with the references adjustments.

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