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Pathology and parasitology

Environment and Varroa destructor management as determinant of colony losses in apiaries under temperate and subtropical climate

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Pages 551-564 | Received 05 Oct 2017, Accepted 07 May 2018, Published online: 04 Jul 2018
 

Abstract

For the last 10 years, honey bee colony losses have been a topic of interest for researchers around the world, and many drivers for losses were described. The aim of this study was to evaluate the risk factors associated with annual colony losses in apiaries located in regions under subtropical and temperate climate from Argentina. In order to accomplish this, a series of three face-to-face interviews with beekeepers were carried out and samples for pathogens determination were taken from February to October 2015, in North-Central Argentina. A total of 69 apiaries were included in the study. We found that apiaries with high Varroa infestation level before treatment were more likely to suffer higher mortality rates and those beekeepers who used illegal or homemade products (or those that are legal but are not applied according to label instructions) to treat varroa, had more probabilities of having higher losses rate than those who did not treat them at all. Also, migratory beekeepers had higher total losses rate than stationary ones. The eco-regions where the apiaries were located also had differences in their mortality rates indicating a location effect. In the spatial analysis of the losses, six significant clusters with low and high mortality rates were detected within the geographical range. The colony losses rate is a multifactorial outcome, where the environment and the management practices interact in a complex way. Regions that are environmentally suitable for beekeeping can tolerate poor management practices. On the other hand, regions where beekeeping and agriculture share the same area require more careful management to keep colony losses under control.

Manejo del medio ambiente y de Varroa destructor como determinantes de las pérdidas de colonias en colmenares de clima templado y subtropical.

Resumen

Durante los últimos diez años, las pÅrdidas de las colonias de abejas melíferas han sido un tema de interés para los investigadores de todo el mundo, y se han descrito muchas causas de las pérdidas. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los factores de riesgo asociados a las pérdidas anuales de colonias en colmenares ubicados en regiones de clima subtropical y templado de Argentina. Para ello, se realizaron tres entrevistas cara a cara con apicultores y se tomaron muestras para la determinación de patógenos de febrero a octubre de 2015, en el centro-norte de Argentina. Un total de 69 colmenares fueron incluidos en el estudio. Encontramos que los colmenares con un alto nivel de infestación de Varroa antes del tratamiento eran más propensos a sufrir tasas de mortalidad más altas y aquellos apicultores que usaban productos ilegales o caseros (o aquellos que son legales pero no se aplican de acuerdo con las instrucciones de la etiqueta) para tratar la varroa, tenían más probabilidades de tener tasas de pérdidas más altas que aquellos que no los trataban en absoluto. Además, los apicultores trashumantes tenían una tasa de pÅrdidas totales más alta que los apicultores estacionarios. Las ecorregiones donde se encontraban los colmenares también presentaban diferencias en sus tasas de mortalidad, lo que indicaba un efecto de la localización. En el análisis espacial de las pérdidas, se detectaron seis conglomerados significativos con tasas de mortalidad bajas y altas dentro del área de distribución geográfica. La tasa de pérdida de colonias es un resultado multifactorial, donde el medio ambiente y las prácticas de manejo interactúan de manera compleja. Las regiones que son ambientalmente adecuadas para la apicultura pueden tolerar prácticas de manejo deficientes. Por otro lado, las regiones donde la apicultura y la agricultura comparten la misma área requieren un manejo más cuidadoso para mantener las pérdidas de las colonias bajo control.

Acknowledgments

We want to thank all the technicians who took the samples for this study. Without them, it would have been impossible to do.

Agostina Giacobino and Ana Molineri are posdoctoral fellows and Adriana Pacini is doctoral fellow from the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET, Argentina). Dr. Marcelo L. Signorini is a Research Career Member from the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET, Argentina).

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Supplementary material

Supplementary content is available via the “Supplementary” tab on the article’s online page (http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00218839.2018.1475697).

Additional information

Funding

This study has been carried out with the financial support of the PNAPI Project N° 1112042 and Specific Project N° 1112042 “Estrategias multidisciplinarias para mitigar el efecto del nuevo contexto ambiental y productivo sobre la colmena”, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. This research was also supported by a grant of ANPCyT, PICT 2016-1568.

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