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Evolution, phylogeny, and biogeography

Molecular taxonomy of the genus Physokermes (Hemiptera: Coccidae) species in Greece, based on mtDNA sequencing data

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Pages 479-483 | Received 16 Nov 2016, Accepted 27 May 2018, Published online: 20 Sep 2018
 

Abstract

The genus Physokermes (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae) includes species that parasitize coniferous trees. They are considered both as pests of forests and as highly beneficial species in Apiculture when bees produce honey with specific physicochemical characteristics, using the honeydew excreted by these scale insects. The identification of these important species is based only on morphological characteristics. Genetic taxonomy on these species is lacking, thus the aim of the present study is the molecular taxonomy and the examination of the possible phylogenetic relationships of the Physokermes species in Greece based on mtDNA sequencing data. The sampling of adult females was conducted in several mountain places of Greece. Based on the recent key to female Physokermes species, all specimens were found to be Physokermes hellenicus. The sequencing of COI mtDNA gene segment produced 14 different haplotypes. Our data, based on mtDNA analysis on samples that belong to Physokermes genus, collected from different areas of Greece, show that the variability detected is not connected to the geographical origin. The average pairwise genetic distance detected, based on our obtained data, does not sufficiently document the existence of different species. Further research on a wider sampling is necessary to confirm the above conclusions.

Taxonomía molecular del género Physokermes (Hemiptera: Coccidae) en Grecia basada en datos de secuenciación de ADN mitocondrial

El género Physokermes (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae) incluye especies que parasitan coníferas. Son consideradas como plagas en los bosques o como especies altamente beneficiosas en la Apicultura cuando las abejas producen miel con características físico-químicas específicas, explorando la excreción de melaza por estos insectos escamosos. La identificación de estas importantes especies se basa únicamente en características morfológicas. Falta taxonomía genética en estas especies, por lo que el objetivo del presente estudio es la taxonomía molecular y el examen de las posibles relaciones filogenéticas de las especies de Physokermes en Grecia basadas en datos de secuenciación de ADNmt. El muestreo de hembras adultas se realizó en varias zonas montañosas de Grecia. Basándose en la clave reciente de la especie hembra Physokermes, todos los especímenes encontrados son Physokermes hellenicus. La secuenciación del segmento genético COI mtADN produjo catorce haplotipos diferentes. Nuestros datos, basados en el análisis de ADN mitocondrial en muestras que pertenecen al género Physokermes, recogidas en diferentes zonas de Grecia, muestran que la variabilidad detectada no está relacionada con el origen geográfico. La distancia genética media por pares detectada, basada en nuestros datos obtenidos, no documenta suficientemente la existencia de diferentes especies. Se necesitan más investigaciones sobre un muestreo más amplio para confirmar las conclusiones mencionadas anteriormente.

Acknowledgments

The authors wish to thank Dr. É Szita, Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences for verifying the voucher specimens, Prof. Ch Florides, Murdoch University, W. Australia for the offer of DNA extraction kit material, Mr. L. Panagiotopoulos and Mr. D. Farmakis, beekeepers for their help in collecting samples. The authors would like also to thank the anonymous referees for their valuable comments for the improvement of the manuscript.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by the Ministry of Rural Development and Food in the frame of the project “Genetic identification of honey dew insects’ populations” (Regulation (EU) No. 1308/2013).

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