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Physiology, biochemistry, and chemical ecology

Supplemental carbohydrates influence abiotic stress resistance in honey bees

ORCID Icon, , &
Pages 682-689 | Received 15 May 2017, Accepted 20 Jun 2018, Published online: 04 Oct 2018
 

Abstract

During periods of pollen and nectar dearth, beekeepers may provide supplemental foods in the form of sucrose (SS), high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS), or artificial pollen. However, these lack micronutrients present in nectar and honey, and thus may nutritionally stress colonies. Given the many stressors faced by honey bees in the environment, we evaluated how honey bees fed supplemental carbohydrates responded in combination with heat (45 °C), cold (4 °C), or imidacloprid (0.48 ng/ml) exposure. Bees were fed either honey, SS, HFCS, or HFCS + pollen and then exposed to abiotic stress treatments in the lab. Hive bee mortality was not affected by heat or cold stress, but mortality was greater for bees fed SS in imidacloprid treatments. Levels of stress proteins (superoxide dismutase (SOD), heat shock protein (HSP70), and potentially esterase) were quantified to determine sublethal stress. SOD levels were reduced in SS and HFCS treatments, indicating these diets impaired a response to oxidative stress, particularly at 45 °C. HSP70 levels were higher in the imidacloprid treatment, with no differences between control and temperature treatments. Diet interacted significantly with stress treatment with generally negative responses to HFCS. There was no effect of diet on esterase levels, though activity was much lower at 4 °C. In semifield trials, colonies with newly emerged bees fed SS experienced higher rates of worker mortality. In cage and field trials, bees consumed significantly more honey and HFCS + P than SS and HFCS. Together, these results suggest that supplemental carbohydrates contribute to sublethal stress, and natural food sources are preferred.

Los carbohidratos suplementarios influyen en la resistencia al estrés abiótico de las abejas melíferas

Durante los períodos de escasez de polen y néctar, los apicultores pueden proporcionar alimentos suplementarios en forma de sacarosa (SS), jarabe de maíz con alto contenido de fructosa (HFCS por sus siglas en inglés) o polen artificial. Sin embargo, estos carecen de micronutrientes presentes en el néctar y la miel, y por lo tanto pueden estresar nutricionalmente las colonias. Dados los muchos factores estresantes que enfrentan las abejas de la miel en el medio ambiente, evaluamos cómo las abejas de la miel alimentadas con carbohidratos suplementarios respondieron en combinación con calor (45 °C), frío (4 °C), o exposición al imidacloprid (0.48 ng/ml). Las abejas fueron alimentadas con miel, SS, JMAF o JMAF + polen y luego expuestas a tratamientos de estrés abiótico en el laboratorio. La mortalidad de las abejas en las colmenas no se vio afectada por el estrés por calor o frío, pero la mortalidad fue mayor para las abejas alimentadas con SS en los tratamientos con imidacloprid. Se cuantificaron los niveles de proteínas de estrés (superóxido dismutasa (SOD), proteína de choque térmico (HSP70) y potencialmente esterasa) para determinar el estrés subletal. Los niveles de SOD se redujeron en los tratamientos de SS y HFCS, lo que indica que estas dietas perjudicaron la respuesta al estrés oxidativo, particularmente a 45 °C. Los niveles de HSP70 fueron más altos en el tratamiento con imidacloprid, sin diferencias entre los tratamientos de control y de temperatura. La dieta interactuó significativamente con el tratamiento de estrés con respuestas generalmente negativas al JMAF. No hubo efecto de la dieta sobre los niveles de esterasa, aunque la actividad fue mucho menor a 4 °C. En los ensayos de semicampo, las colonias con abejas recién nacidas alimentadas con SS experimentaron tasas más altas de mortalidad de obreras. En las pruebas de jaula y de campo, las abejas consumieron significativamente más miel y JMAF + P que SS y JMAF. Juntos, estos resultados sugieren que los carbohidratos suplementarios contribuyen al estrés subletal, y se prefieren las fuentes naturales de alimento.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank Victor Rainey, Garrett Dodds, and Dan Winfrey for their assistance with field research and colony maintenance. Vivek Pohkrel, Emily Boothe, Nick DeLisi, and Madeleine Chura assisted with laboratory sample processing. J Ottea provided critical commentary that improved an earlier version of the manuscript.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by a 2015 National Honey Board grant (J Margotta and James Ottea).

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