Gaps in propolis research: challenges posed to commercialization and the need for an holistic approach

Abstract

Both the season and region in which propolis is collected influence its chemical composition, resulting in variations in biological activity. Significant differences in composition and concentration of certain chemical compounds in propolis make standardization and quality control challenging. In addition, the lack of uniformity in evaluation methodology and analytical techniques, make it extremely difficult to correlate data across the climatic zones. In this report, we focus on the gaps in propolis research and the challenges they pose for commercialization, with suggestions as to how we might address them. We hope to stimulate further research which explores the holistic nature of propolis to derive a propolis bioactivity standard.

Keywords:

• Propolis activity factor
• principle component analysis
• propolis bioactivity quotient
• honey bee
• composition-activity relationship
• contamination
• adulteration
• standardization
• heavy metals

Acknowledgements

We acknowledge the financial support from Innovate UK and Nature’s Laboratory Ltd. for funding the project (KTP010490). We also acknowledge the financial support provided by Winston Churchill Memorial Trust for the project (2016–17).

Disclosure statement

There are no conflicts to declare.