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ABSTRACT
In this paper, we present and apply a new three-dimensional model for the prediction of canopy-flow and turbulence dynamics in open-channel flow. The approach uses a dynamic immersed boundary technique that is coupled in a sequentially staggered manner to a large eddy simulation. Two different biomechanical models are developed depending on whether the vegetation is dominated by bending or tensile forces. For bending plants, a model structured on the Euler–Bernoulli beam equation has been developed, whilst for tensile plants, an N-pendula model has been developed. Validation against flume data shows good agreement and demonstrates that for a given stem density, the models are able to simulate the extraction of energy from the mean flow at the stem-scale which leads to the drag discontinuity and associated mixing layer.
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to thank Dr Gareth Keevil, the experimental officer at Sorby Environmental Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, University of Leeds for help with the flume experiments. The authors would also like to thank the associate editor and three anonymous referees whose comments have improved this manuscript. Data presented in this paper can be obtained by contacting Timothy I. Marjoribanks.
Funding
Timothy I. Marjoribanks was funded under NERC PhD studentship and NERC [grant NE/K003194/1]. The flume experiments were funded through UK NERC [grant NE/F010060/1].