https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7942-2609
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Abstract
A large number of flood-related fatalities in urban areas are due to drowning of people in vehicles. Therefore, reliable models of the vulnerability of vehicles impacted by flow are necessary for risk assessment and emergency management. This paper includes the effect of the sloping terrain in a four-parameter dimensionless conceptual model of the stability of vehicles impacted by flow. A set of parameters was calibrated on the basis of experimental data from the literature in order to reproduce the average stability limits of a wide range of vehicles tested in laboratory conditions. These parameters can also be used to represent the average stability conditions of a wide variety of circulating vehicles as required in flood risk mapping.
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to the Editor, the Associate Editor, and the Reviewers for their valuable suggestions on the improvement of the paper quality.
Notation
| AD | = | transversal impacted area (m2) |
| AL | = | planform impacted area (m2) |
| BN | = | buoyancy force (N) |
| CD | = | drag coefficient (–) |
| CL | = | lift coefficient (–) |
| D | = | drag force (N) |
| Fv | = | Froude number of the vehicle (–) |
| g | = | gravity acceleration (m s−2) |
| GC | = | vehicle ground clearance (m) |
| h | = | flow depth (m) |
| hf | = | floating depth (m) |
| hv | = | impacting flow depth (m) |
| l | = | vehicle length (m) |
| L | = | lift force (N) |
| T | = | friction force (N) |
| U | = | flow velocity (m s−1) |
| w | = | vehicle width (m) |
| W | = | vehicle weight (N) |
| WN | = | vehicle weight in direction normal to the slope (N) |
| WP | = | vehicle weight in direction parallel to the slope (N) |
| X | = | vehicle stability parameter for perpendicular orientation (–) |
| X// | = | vehicle stability parameter for parallel orientation (–) |
| Y | = | squared sum of the error (–) |
| α | = | buoyancy coefficient (–) |
| ϑ | = | slope inclination (°) |
| μ | = | friction coefficient (–) |
| ρf | = | fluid density (kg m−3) |
| σα | = | standard deviation of the parameter α (–) |
| σµ | = | standard deviation of the parameter µ (–) |