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ABSTRACT
Newspapers and archives from Taiwan indicate a long history of Taiwan’s commercial fishing in the Pacific that has largely been overlooked. Using these resources, this article analyses the relationship between the Taiwan government and Taiwan fishermen in the Pacific from the 1940s to the 1980s, demonstrating how non-state actors such as fishermen dictated Taiwan’s official engagements in the region. I first outline the history of legal and illegal fishing by commercial Taiwan vessels in the Pacific from the 1940s to the 1980s. I then draw on two case studies: illegal fishing incidents in Tuvalu and Australia involving commercial Taiwan fishermen, and legal fishing operations in American Samoa. These case studies demonstrate how commercial fishermen impacted Taiwan-government engagements in the Pacific and were viewed by the government as a liability. The article concludes by connecting Taiwan’s commercial fishing history in the Pacific with the larger history of Taiwan in the region.
Key words:
Acknowledgements
The author would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their constructive and incisive comments, which greatly improved the final version of the article. The author would also like to thank the editors for their very kind support.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
Notes
1 Hu Shaohua, ‘Small State Foreign Policy: The Diplomatic Recognition of Taiwan’, China: An International Journal 13, no. 2 (2015): 3–6; Terence Wesley-Smith and Edgar A. Porter, eds., China in Oceania: Reshaping the Pacific? (New York: Berghahn Books, 2010); Jian Yang, The Pacific Islands in China’s Grand Strategy: Small States, Big Games (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011); Changsen Yu, ‘The Pacific Islands in China’s Geo-Strategic Thinking’, in China and the Pacific: The View from Oceania, ed. Michael Powles (Wellington: Victoria University Press, 2016), 89–97.
2 Yu, ‘The Pacific Islands in China’s Geo-Strategic Thinking’, 93.
3 Jess Marinaccio, ‘Rearticulating Diplomatic Relationships: Contextualizing Tuvalu–Taiwan Relations’, The Contemporary Pacific 31, no. 2 (2019): 448–75.
4 Elodie Fache, Simonne Pauwels, and Joeli Veitayaki, ‘Introduction: Pacific Islanders, “Custodians of the Ocean” Facing Fisheries Challenges’, in Fisheries in the Pacific: The Challenges of Governance and Sustainability, ed. Elodie Fache and Simonne Pauwels (Marseille: pacific-credo Publications, 2016), 11–13; Jope Tarai, ‘The New Pacific Diplomacy and the South Pacific Tuna Treaty’, in The New Pacific Diplomacy, ed. Greg Fry and Sandra Tarte (Acton: ANU Press, 2015), 237–48.
5 Marinaccio, ‘Rearticulating Diplomatic Relationships’, 454–6.
6 See New Zealand External Intelligence Bureau, Foreign Fishing in the Tropical South Pacific (Wellington: Prime Minister’s Department, 1977); Tuvalu News Sheet (hereinafter TNS), ‘Government Issues Warning’, 31 Aug. 1979, 6–7.
7 Legislative Yuan Gazette (hereinafter LYG), ‘Waijiaobu yangxikun cizhang baogao fangwen nantaipingyang zhi jingguo’ [Ministry of Foreign Affairs Deputy Minister Yang Hsi-kun reports on visit to the South Pacific], 64, no. 6 (1975): 6–7, 13.
8 United Daily News (hereinafter UDN), ‘Feilvbin zihua yuqu, zuai wo gonghai buyu; waijiaobu zhengni jinxing jiaoshe, weihuo jieguoqian yuchuan ying bimian qianwang’ [The Philippines determines a Fishing Zone, hindering Taiwan from fishing in the open seas; The Ministry of Foreign Affairs is planning to negotiate; Until an outcome is achieved, fishing vessels should avoid travelling there], 27 Sept. 1951, 5 (for the Philippines); LYG, ‘Waijiaobu’, 7 (for Indonesia); Correspondence to Australian Ministry for Primary Industry from Australia-Free China Society Regarding Prohibitions on Fishermen from Taiwan, 4 Nov. 1976, Institute of Modern History Archives, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan (hereinafter Institute of Modern History), 020-011504-0018 (for Australia); Letter from Taiwan Consulate in American Samoa to Taiwan Ministry of Foreign Affairs Regarding Niue Fishing Incident and Violations in Tonga in the Previous Year, 29 Jul. 1974, Institute of Modern History, 020-050206-0030 (for Tonga and Niue); Letter from Taiwan Ministry of Foreign Affairs Regarding Illegal Fishing Issues in Cook Islands, 11 Mar. 1976, Institute of Modern History, 020-050206-0030; Letter to the Governor of American Samoa from the Office of the Premier of Cook Islands Regarding Breach of Cook Islands’ Laws by Korean Fishing Vessels, 3 Feb. 1976, Institute of Modern History, 020-050206-0030 (for Cook Islands).
9 United Daily News Group, ‘About Us’, 2024, https://www.udngroup.com/en/ (accessed 1 Jan. 2024).
10 Patricia R.S. Batto, ‘The Consequences of Democratisation on Taiwan’s Daily Press’, China Perspectives 51 (2004); Hui-Ching Chang and Rich Holt, ‘“New Taiwanese”: Evolution of an Identity Project in the Narratives of United Daily News’, Journal of Asian Pacific Communication 19, no. 2 (2009): 261.
11 Batto, ‘Taiwan’s Daily Press’.
12 Institute of Modern History Archives, ‘Waijiaobu dangan’ [Diplomatic Archives], n.d., https://archives.sinica.edu.tw/project/46 (accessed 6 Jan. 2024); Institute of Modern History Archives, ‘Danganguan guancang jiansuo xitong benci xinzeng waijiaobu dangan 1050 ce, shouci kaifang zhonghua jiaoyu wenhua jijin dongshihui dangan, huanying duojia liyong!’ [1,050 volumes from the Diplomatic Archives added to search system in the Archives’ Collection and Archives for the Board of the China Foundation for the Promotion of Education and Culture opened for the first time; Everyone is welcome to use the archives!], 4 Jul. 2018, https://archives.sinica.edu.tw/news/1100 (accessed 6 Jan. 2024).
13 LYG, ‘Waijiaobu’, 9, 12–13.
14 See Paola Calanca, Liu Yi-chang, and Frank Muyard, eds., Taiwan Maritime Landscapes: From Neolithic to Early Modern Times (Paris: École Française d’Extrême-Orient, 2022); Damon Salesa, ‘The Pacific in Indigenous Time’, in Pacific Histories: Ocean, Land, People, ed. David Armitage and Alison Bashford (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014), 31–52.
15 Hu Sing-Hwa, ‘Change and Development of Taiwan Fishermen’s Associations’, Archives Quarterly 13, no. 1 (2014): 4–19.
16 Kaohsiung Fishermen’s Association (hereinafter KFA), ‘Association Organization’, 2024, http://www.kfa.org.tw/organization (accessed 6 Jan. 2024).
17 UDN, 27 Sept. 1951; UDN, ‘Yuchuan ruifucheng hao bei feifang kouliu’ [Fishing vessel Ruifucheng detained by the Philippines], 26 Aug. 1953, 1.
18 UDN, ‘Feiguo qin wo yuquan, jiying heli jiejue; gaoshi yuhui jianyi yan zhuxi, bing qing kuozhan gaoxiong yugang’ [The Philippines infringes Taiwan’s fishing rights, and the problem should be reasonably resolved with immediacy; The KFA makes recommendations to Chairman Yan and requests the expansion of the Kaohsiung Port], 12 Apr. 1956, 5; UDN [Economic Times], ‘Taiwan jinhai bubudao yu, sanshiyi zhi xiaochuan shenqing yuanyang zuoye’ [No fish to be caught in the Taiwan offshore area; 31 small boats apply for distant-water fishing], 7 May 1967, 2.
19 UDN, 27 Sept. 1951.
20 Eduardo Ferrero Costa, ‘Pacific Resources and Ocean Law: A Latin American Perspective’, Ecology Law Quarterly 16, no. 1 (1989): 245–57.
21 Correspondence from Australia-Free China Society, 4 Nov. 1976.
22 Correspondence from Australia-Free China Society Regarding Taiwan Fishing Arrests in Australia, 5 Aug. 1975, Institute of Modern History, 020-011504-0018; UDN [Economic Times], ‘Mei jiang qianglie fandui duzhan haiyang yuye ziyuan; nantaipingyang jingji huiyi dingqi juxing nianhui’ [The US will strongly oppose the monopolization of ocean fisheries resources; The South Pacific Commission holds its regular annual meeting], 10 Sept. 1977, 5.
23 United Nations, United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (New York: United Nations, 2002), 23.
24 Ibid., 22.
25 Tarai, ‘The New Pacific Diplomacy’; UDN [Economic Times], 10 Sept. 1977.
26 Bonny Ling, ‘The Taiwan Strait: Under the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea and its De Facto Status’ (Nottingham: The 16th Annual Conference of the European Association of Taiwan Studies, 2019).
27 See UDN, 27 Sept. 1951; UDN, ‘Jiejue yuanhai buyu kunnan, wo jiang yu fei xieshang; fei yuan fa haimian tongxingzheng, bianli wo yuchuan tongguo feihai’ [To resolve distant-water fishing difficulties, Taiwan will negotiate with the Philippines; The Philippines is willing to issue a maritime pass to allow Taiwan vessels to cross the Philippines’ waters more conveniently], 31 Jul. 1952, 5.
28 UDN, 31 Jul. 1952; see also UDN, ‘Gaoshi yuyejie ni zutuan fanghua’ [Kaohsiung City fisheries industry plans to form a delegation to meet overseas Chinese], 23 Jan. 1953, 6; UDN, 26 Aug. 1953.
29 UDN, ‘Wo yumin zaifei shou nuedai, jianyuan cuqing yanzheng jiaoshe; liusou yuchuan jinzao feiting jieliu, lingyou yisou riqian zaiao beikou’ [Fishermen from Taiwan tortured in the Philippines, Control Yuan urges serious negotiations; Six fishing vessels recently intercepted in the Philippines; Another vessel detained in Australia], 12 Aug. 1966, 3.
30 UDN [Economic Times], ‘Gaoyuhui zuo jinggao, yuchuan wujin feihai, mianzao kouliu zhizai’ [Yesterday, KFA warns fishing vessels not to come close to the Philippines’ waters so as to avoid the disaster of detainment], 22 Oct. 1967, 2.
31 UDN [Economic Times], ‘Wo yi yuanyang yuchuan fanhang tuzhong chenmo’ [One distant-water fishing vessel sinks in the middle of its return journey], 10 Jan. 1968, 6.
32 UDN, 12 Aug. 1966.
33 Letter from Taiwan Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 11 Mar. 1976; Letter from the Office of the Premier of Cook Islands, 3 Feb. 1976; Letter from Taiwan Consulate in American Samoa, 29 Jul. 1974.
34 UDN [Economic Times], ‘Taiwan haichan gongsi, linxiuer ren jingli’ [Lin Xiuer to manage the Taiwan Seafood Company], 14 Jan. 1970, 6.
35 David J. Doulman, ‘The Tuna Industry in the Pacific Islands Region: Opportunities for Foreign Investment’, Marine Fisheries Review 48, no. 1 (1986): 15–22; UDN [Economic Times], 14 Jan. 1970.
36 UDN [Economic Times], 14 Jan. 1970.
37 UDN [Economic Times], ‘Zhifu de jiejing, xiang yuanyang yuye jinjun’ [The shortcut to wealth; advancing toward distant-water fishing], 22 Apr. 1967, 2.
38 UDN [Economic Times], ‘Guandao yuan bo dipi, gong wo jian lengcangku, yuguanchang’ [Guam willing to approve land acquisition so that Taiwan can construct cold storage and canning factory], 20 Sept. 1967, 2.
39 UDN [Economic Times], ‘Yuju jueding quxiao samoyadao daili zhidu; ling yu meiri qiaqian shouyu buji heyue’ [Fisheries Department decides to cancel agent system in Samoa and negotiates fisheries sales and supply agreement with the US and Japan], 5 Oct. 1967, 2.
40 UDN [Economic Times], ‘Weiyu nian waixiaozhi yu liuqianwan meiyuan’ [Annual export sales value for tuna over US$60 million], 16 Jul. 1974, 3.
41 Ibid.
42 UDN [Economic Times], ‘Wo jiang zai samoya she zhongguoguan tigong yumin kangle yiliao fuwu’ [Taiwan to establish ‘China House’ in Samoa to provide recreation and medical services for fishermen], 24 Dec. 1973, 2.
43 UDN [Economic Times], 16 Jul. 1974. Inflation rates from 1963 to 2023, and 1972 to 2023, were calculated using the US Bureau of Labor Statistics Inflation Calculator and the Taipei City CPI calculator, respectively. The exchange rate from New Taiwan Dollars (NT$) to US Dollars (US$) was calculated using the US Department of the Treasury and Bureau of the Fiscal Service’s FiscalData website. US Bureau of Labor Statistics, ‘CPI Inflation Calculator’, n.d., https://www.bls.gov/data/inflation_calculator.htm (accessed 6 Jan. 2024); Taipei City, ‘Taibeishi xiaofeizhe wujia zhishu (CPI) zhangdie ji goumaili huansuan’ [Taipei City CPI fluctuation and purchasing power conversion], n.d., https://w2.dbas.gov.taipei/price_cpi_curv/cpi_curv.asp (accessed Jan. 6, 2024); FiscalData, ‘Currency Exchange Rates Converter’, 2020, https://fiscaldata.treasury.gov/currency-exchange-rates-converter/ (accessed 6 Jan. 2024).
44 Marinaccio, ‘Rearticulating Diplomatic Relationships’.
45 TNS, ‘Taiwan Fishing Vessel Ordered to Pay $20,000 Fine’, 3 Aug. 1979, 11–12; TNS, 31 Aug. 1979.
46 TNS, ‘Drama on the High Seas – Taiwanese Boat Escapes’, 23 Jan. 1980, 1–3. See also Marinaccio, ‘Rearticulating Diplomatic Relationships’, 454–5; TNS, ‘Repatriation Ends – All Home and Safe’, 20 Feb. 1980, 1–3.
47 UDN, ‘Tuwalu shi wo yuanyang yuchuan zuoye diqu’ [Tuvalu is an area where distant-water fishing vessels from Taiwan operate], 20 Sept. 1979, 2; UDN, ‘Wo yu yindu dengguo jiang qian yuye xieding’ [Taiwan to sign fisheries agreements with India and other countries], 16 Oct. 1980, 6; UDN [Economic Times], ‘Wo yu tuwaluguo jin qian yuye xieding’ [Tuvalu and Taiwan sign fisheries agreement today], 5 Nov. 1981, 2.
48 TNS, 31 Aug. 1979, 7.
49 UDN, 12 Aug. 1966.
50 Peter Henderson, ‘Darby, Evelyn Douglas (1910–1985)’, in Australian Dictionary of Biography (Canberra: Australian National University, 2007), https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/darby-evelyn-douglas-12398/text22287 (accessed 6 Jan. 2024).
51 Correspondence from Australia-Free China Society, 5 Aug. 1975.
52 David McKnight, ‘Facts Versus Stories: From Objective to Interpretive Reporting’, Media International Australia Incorporating Culture and Policy, no. 99 (2001): 53–6.
53 Correspondence from Australia-Free China Society, 5 Aug. 1975.
54 Correspondence from Australia-Free China Society Regarding Taiwan Fishing Arrests in Australia, Specifically Those of the HSIN YI NUMBER ONE and HSIN YI NUMBER SIX, 19 Oct. 1976, Institute of Modern History, 020-011504-0018.
55 Commentary on the conservative leanings of Sunday Independent’s founding editor, Maxwell Newton, and conservative commentary by one of the newspaper’s owners, Lang Hancock, can be found in: Richard Guilliat, ‘Max Newton: A Muckraker Makes Good – From Cambridge to Pornography to Wall Street, Maxwell Newton can only be Described as a Survivor’, Times on Sunday, 31 Jan. 1988, 36; Lang Hancock, ‘Spruce up the Liberals or let the West Secede’, National Miner, 31 Mar. 1975, 9.
56 Correspondence from Taiwan’s Government Information Office to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Other Offices Regarding Australian Media Coverage of Illegal Taiwan Fishing in Australia, 4 Oct. 1976, Institute of Modern History, 020-011504-0018.
57 Sunday Independent, ‘“Please Send My Husband Home”: Pity the Fishing People’, 19 Sept. 1976, Institute of Modern History, 020-011504-0018.
58 Batto, ‘Taiwan’s Daily Press’.
59 China Times, ‘Chouchang yuanren guibude, konggui yufu hen nantian, aozhou duli ribao tongqing beikou yuchuan’ [Melancholy that those from afar cannot return, the lonely wives of fishermen hold bottomless regret; Australia’s Sunday Independent sympathizes with detained fishing ship], 17 Oct. 1976, Institute of Modern History, 020-011504-0018.
60 Telegram Darby, Sydney to Taiwan Ministry of Foreign Affairs Requesting Fishermen from Taiwan be Allowed to Return to Taiwan Immediately, 14 Sept. 1976, Institute of Modern History, 020-011504-0018.
61 Telegram Darby, Sydney to Taiwan Ministry of Foreign Affairs Requesting Fishermen from Taiwan be Allowed to Return to Taiwan Immediately, 20 Sept. 1976, Institute of Modern History, 020-011504-0018.
62 Telegram Fetra, Melbourne to Taiwan Ministry of Foreign Affairs Regarding Taiwan Government and Cathay Pacific Refusing to Permit Fishermen from Taiwan to Return Home, 20 Sept. 1976, Institute of Modern History, 020-011504-0018.
63 Telegram Darby, Sydney to Taiwan Ministry of Foreign Affairs Requesting Fishermen from Taiwan be Allowed to Return to Taiwan Immediately, 21 Sept. 1976, Institute of Modern History, 020-011504-0018.
64 Sunday Independent, ‘“Please Send My Husband Home”’.
65 UDN, ‘Nuhai yifa, shengsi zhengzha; piaoliu liushijiuri, qisi ersheng, jipi yujiu yumin, sansheng you xing’ [One raft in an angry sea, fighting between life and death; Floating for 69 days – 7 die and 2 live; Several groups of fishermen fortunate to be saved], 13 Aug. 1968, 3; UDN, ‘Zhumao yuye gongsi, jieyun huojiu chuanyuan; jiao tamen denghou bianchuan, zhi dangdi huaqiao buman’ [Zhumao Fishing Company transporting rescued fishermen; asks fishermen to wait for a boat to pick them up, causing dissatisfaction among local overseas Chinese], 14 Aug. 1968, 3.
66 Wesley-Smith and Porter, eds., China in Oceania; Yang, The Pacific Islands in China’s Grand Strategy; Yu, ‘The Pacific Islands in China’s Geo-Strategic Thinking’.
67 TNS, 3 Aug. 1979, 11; Letter from Taiwan Consulate in American Samoa, 29 Jul. 1974.
68 UDN, ‘Laobu samoya qundao wei diao yu, meishang hanyao bensheng yujie hezuo’ [Fishing for tuna in the Samoan Islands; US business invites Taiwan’s fisheries industry to cooperate], 30 Sept. 1954, 5.
69 UDN, ‘Yuguanchu zhishi gaoyuhui wang samoya buyu xuxian shidi diaocha’ [Fishing authorities instruct the KFA that travelling to Samoa for fishing requires first conducting an on-site investigation], 25 Apr. 1963, 7.
70 UDN, ‘Fu sadao buyu qiantu hen leguan; chenjiner baogao kaocha yinxiang’ [An optimistic future for travelling to American Samoa for fishing; Chen Jiner reports inspection impressions], 7 Feb. 1964, 2; UDN [Economic Times], 16 Jul. 1974.
71 UDN, ‘Yuju zhu samoya renyuan liubinglin bei oushang; haoxin quanjia jing zao wuhui, songyi jiuzhi yi wu weixian’ [Liu Binglin, fisheries official stationed in Samoa, beaten; misunderstood while attempting to stop a fight, hospitalized and now in no danger], 4 Oct. 1966, 3.
72 UDN [Economic Times], ‘Gaoyu zai yinduyang tamatafu she yuanyang yuye xinjidi’ [Kaohsiung fisheries establishes a new distant-water fishing site in the Indian Ocean], 20 Aug. 1967, 2; UDN [Economic Times], 5 Oct. 1967.
73 UDN [Economic Times], ‘Woguo jiang zai samoya daoshang she yuchuan xiulichang ji diantai’ [Taiwan to construct a fishing vessel repair shop and radio tower/station in Samoa], 3 Feb. 1970, 2; UDN [Economic Times], ‘Tigao samoya jidi yujia, gaoxiong yuhui jue quanli zhengqu’ [KFA determines to exert all efforts to increase the price for fish at the Samoa base], 14 Nov. 1970, 6; see also Letter from Consulate General of the ROC, Honolulu, Hawaii Regarding Construction of a Communication Station and Workshop for Fishing Vessels, 30 Dec. 1969, Institute of Modern History, 020-050206-0030.
74 UDN [Economic Times], 14 Nov. 1970.
75 UDN, ‘Waijiaobu jue yu jinqinei zai samoya xinshe lingguan; yi pai liuendi wei shouren lingshi’ [Ministry of Foreign Affairs decides to establish a new consulate in Samoa in the near future; Liu Endi has already been sent to act as the first consul], 8 May 1973, 2.
76 UDN [Economic Times], 24 Dec. 1973.
77 UDN, ‘Beimei xietiaohui mishuzhang chuan jiangyou zuojiguo danren; chenyuju neiding ren fumishuzhang’ [Rumours that Zuo Jiguo will serve as secretary general of the Coordination Council for North American Affairs and that Chen Yuju will serve as deputy secretary general], 27 Feb. 1979, 2.
78 UDN, ‘Haishang diexie yuchuan, ding niansiri digao; xiehe gongsi weixi gaian xiangqing, sharen xiongxian jiang bei kouya zhenxun’ [Bloodshed on fishing vessel at sea, boat to return to Kaohsiung by the 24th; Xiehe Company not sure on details in the case; Suspected killer will be detained and interrogated], 20 Nov. 1965, 3.
79 UDN, 4 Oct. 1966.
80 William M. Blair, ‘Bloody Clashes Trouble Samoa; Five Chinese and Koreans Killed in Recurring Feud’, The New York Times, 28 Jan. 1968, 6; UDN [Economic Times], ‘Zhonghan yumin zai samoya xiedou; liangguo zhu tandao lingshi zuo qianwang tiaojie’ [ROC and Korean fishermen fight in Samoa; The consuls general in Honolulu for both countries travelled to American Samoa yesterday to mediate the situation], 27 Jan. 1968, 5.
81 Correspondence from Consulate General of the ROC, Honolulu, Hawaii to Governor of American Samoa on Disputes Between Fishermen, the Behaviour of Fishermen from Taiwan in American Samoa, and Diplomatic Matters, 12 Feb. 1968, Institute of Modern History, 020-050206-0030.
82 UDN [Economic Times], ‘Sunjinshan ti jianyi, xianzhi jianzao yuanyang yuchuan; tigao yuchuan chuanyuan suzhi’ [Sun Jinshan gives advice to restrict the construction of distant-water fishing vessels and improve the quality of fishermen], 6 Jan. 1970, 6.
83 Letter from Taiwan Fisheries Department to Other Government Agencies Regarding Request that ‘Low-Quality’ Fishermen Returned to Taiwan from American Samoa not be Allowed Back, 25 Jun. 1974, Institute of Modern History, 020-050206-0030.
84 Letter from Taiwan Ministry of Foreign Affairs to Consulate in American Samoa Regarding Sending Poor Quality or Malignant Fishermen Back to Taiwan, n.d., Institute of Modern History, 020-050206-0030.
85 UDN, ‘Xijiao shasi chuanzhang; linxing shaonian shuishou zi samoya jiehui’ [Kills captain over a trivial matter; Young sailor Mr Lin is returned from Samoa], 5 Jun. 1977, 3; UDN, ‘Yewenyuan sharen, pan wuqi tuxing’ [Ye Wenyuan kills someone and is sentenced to life imprisonment], 25 Apr. 1978, 3.
86 UDN, ‘Bushi zhongzhi shuidao diqu, shengfu guihua qita yongtu; lin zhuxi zuo tichu wuxiang poqie wenti, yaoqiu youguan danwei jinsu xietiao jiejue’ [The provincial government will plan other uses for areas unsuitable for cultivating rice; Yesterday, Chairman Lin raised five urgent problems and asked relevant agencies to rapidly resolve these issues], 21 Aug. 1979, 2, emphasis added.
87 UDN [Economic Times], 24 Dec. 1973.
88 Graeme Smith, ‘Chinese Reactions to Anti-Asian Riots in the Pacific’, Journal of Pacific History 47, no. 1 (2012): 93–109.
89 Fenui, ‘Tuvalu will Continue to Fight for its Second Purse Seine’, 26 Jan. 2015, 3; Elisala Pita, ‘Tuvalu Opening Statement for WCPFC12. Western & Central Pacific Fisheries Commission’, 3 Dec. 2015, https://meetings.wcpfc.int/node/9485 (accessed 7 Jan. 2024); Radio New Zealand, ‘Tuvalu Irked by Big Power Fishing Stance’, 12 Jun. 2015, http://www.radionz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/276096/tuvalu-irked-by-big-power-fishing-stance (accessed 7 Jan. 2024).
90 I am aware that Australia’s place in the Pacific region is contested. It is used here as an example because a preliminary review of Taiwan’s Diplomatic Archives shows significant coverage of Australia–Taiwan fisheries disputes as discussed throughout this article.
91 LYG, ‘Waijiaobu’, 7–13.
92 LYG, ‘Waijiaobu’, 7–8; UDN, 14 Aug. 1968; UDN, ‘Anfeng hao chuanyuan, ding xiayue fantai’ [Crew of the Anfeng set to return to Taiwan next month], 16 Feb. 1967, 3.
93 Suliljaw Lusausatj, ‘Vā and Djalan: Indigenous Diplomacy through Sāmoan Tatau and Paiwan Vecik’ (PhD thesis, Australian National University, 2022), 56; David Blundell, ‘Taiwan Austronesian Language Heritage Connecting Pacific Island Peoples: Diplomacy and Values’, International Journal of Asia-Pacific Studies 7, no. 1 (2011): 75–91.