Associations Between MMPI-2-RF Internalizing RC Scales and Positive Characteristics

Abstract

Past studies indicate that the low scores on the MMPI and MMPI-2 Clinical and Content Scales can reflect positive characteristics. It is currently unclear, however, whether scales on the MMPI-2-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) have that ability. Accordingly, we examined whether low scores on Restructured Clinical (RC) Scales assessing internalizing difficulties (i.e., RCd, RC2, and RC7) can reflect self-esteem, life satisfaction, positive and negative affect, and optimism. When considering the full range of scores, each of the internalizing RC Scales demonstrated the expected pattern of associations with these characteristics. Across difference and percentage bend analyses, however, only RC2 had significant associations—namely, with positive affect, self-esteem, and life satisfaction. This study corroborates that high scores on the internalizing RC scales have interpretations consistent with past literature, but also uniquely suggests that below average RC2 scores may reflect increased positive affect, self-esteem, optimism, and satisfaction with life.

Notes

1 In the current sample, low score (T < 39) rates were 6.6% for RCd, 21.7% for RC2, and 4.7% for RC7. In the MMPI-2-RF college student comparison sample, low score rates are 6.6% for RCd, 21.6% for RC2, and 8.0% for RC7. For below average score occurrences, the current sample had rates of 31.1% for RCd, 63% for RC2, and 35.7% for RC7. In the college student comparison sample, corresponding rates are 33.3% for RCd, 53.2% for RC2, and 41.4% for RC7.

2 Results of post-hoc analyses examining the effects of underreporting are available from the corresponding author.

Additional information

Funding

This research was supported by a grant awarded to John R. Graham and Tayla T. C. Lee from the University of Minnesota Press Test Division, publisher of the MMPI–2–RF.