Empty Mills and zombie cities

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Notes

^1.Gross, Course of Industrial Decline, 123, 125.

^2.Adamic, “Tragic Towns of New England,” 751, 752.

^3.Parker, Lowell, 6.

^4. For a detailed study of the destruction of several of the city's immigrant neighborhoods, Forrant and Strobel, Ethnicity in Lowell.

^5.Stone, History of Massachusetts Industries, 327.

^6.McLean, Todd, and Sanborn, Report of the Lawrence Survey.

^7.Barber, “If We Would…Leave the City,” 65, 71, 80.

^8.Forrant, Metal Fatigue, 75. For an insightful account of the impact of steel mill closings on working people see Walley, Exit Zero.

^9.Barber, “If We Would…Leave the City,” 71, 80.

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Notes on contributors

Robert Forrant

Robert Forrant, a professor of history at the University of Massachusetts Lowell, has written extensively on the decline of the US precision metalworking industry. His most recent research focuses on the history of the 1912 Bread & Roses Strike in Lawrence, MA.