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Acknowledgements
I must acknowledge several people who most kindly shared their expertise with me. Listed alphabetically: Warrant Officer (Mine Warfare) Robert ‘Dixie’ Dean RN, Mine Warfare Publications, HMS Collingwood; George Delorme, President, Haggie North America, Montreal; Simon Dixon, Fishing Sector Manager, Bridon International Ltd (formerly British Wire Ropes Ltd.); Dr Will Edwards, James Cook University, Australia; Dr Stephen J. Eichhorn, Professor of Materials Science, University of Exeter; Dennis Fetter, Technical Director, WireCo World Group, Kansas City; Linda Fitzpatrick, Scottish Fisheries Museum, Anstruther; Linda Gjerstad, RAPP Hydema A/S, Bodø, Norway; Professor Ingo Heidbrink, Old Dominium University, Norfolk va; Lt Cdr Rob Hoole RN, Mine Warfare and Clearance Diving Officers' Association; Cdr Paul Jones RN, Commanding Officer, HMS Excellent; Dr Trevor Kenchington, Gadus Associates, Halifax NS; Prof. Angela Moles, University of New South Wales; Mike Montgomerie, Gear technologist, Seafish Ltd, Grimsby; Des Pawson, Museum of Knots, Ipswich; August Rich, Managing Director, Drahtseilwerk Dietz GmbH & Co. KG, Neustadt bei Coburg, Germany; Capt. Frank Scott; and A. Steven Toby, naval architect, Alion Science & Technology, Virginia.
Notes
1 Lever, Young Sea Officer's Sheet Anchor, 2.
2 Ashley, Book of Knots, 23.
3 Some medieval astronomical clocks like that at Münster cathedral do, in fact, read counterclockwise to match the movement of a wall-mounted sundial.
4 Less commonly plain-laid and water-laid.
5 It is generally believed that the preference for right-hand screws is explained because it is easier for a right-handed person to drive in a screw with a right-handed (supinatory) twist, than using the reverse (pronatory) motion.
6 Smyth, Sailor's Word Book, 374.
7 Brady, The Kedge-Anchor, 42. See also Harland, ‘Hawser laid/Cable laid’, 470–1.
8 Hammersley, Naval Encyclopedia, 699.
9 Märk att sådant vänsterslaget (motsols slaget) tågvirke har samma spiralvridning som en högergängad skruv. Det kallas också på engelska righthanded, emedan engelsmännen namnge det färdiga repets spiralgång, medan svenska repslagare alltid namnge repen efter vridningen vid tillverkningen. Svensson, Handbok i Sjömans Arbete, 20.
11 Louis Pasteur in a discussion at l'Academie des sciences, June 1874, Vallery-Radot, Ouvres de Pasteur, vol. 1, 361.
12 Edwards et al., ‘Global trend in plant twin-ing direction’, 795–800; Macey, R. ‘Vine story has a puzzling twist’, Sydney Morning Herald, 27 Aug. 2008; Angela Moles ABC interview: www.abc.net.au/catalyst/stories/2400092.htm
13 Angela Moles, pers. comm.
14 McManus, Right Hand, Left Hand, 48.
15 Wiener et al., ‘Differences between flax and hemp’, 58–63.
16 Stephen J. Eichhorn, pers. comm.
17 The bundles sometimes referred to as ‘tows of hemp’.
18 The illustrations are from two anonymous articles, the chapter ‘The Manufacture of Ropes and Cordage’ in The Useful Arts and Manufactures of Great Britain. A concise contemporary account of the entire ropemaking procedure is found in The Mechanic's Magazine, vol. IX.
19 Luce, Seamanship, 34.
20 Burney, Boy's Manual of Seamanship, 90.
21 Ashley, Book of Knots, 23.
22 Ibid.
23 Des Pawson pers. comm.
24 Frank Scott pers. comm.
25 Harland, Seamanship, 236.
26 Actually a small cable.
27 This rope has long since been removed. Ingo Heidbrink, pers. comm.
28 Harland, Capstans and Windlasses: chs 8 and 9; Harland, Catchers and Corvettes: ch. 18.
29 Photograph courtesy Rapp Hydema A/S, Bodø, Norway.
30 A video clip illustrating this can be found at www.youtube.com/watch?v=uwgFkACxgWc
31 Frank LeBus US Patent #2,620,996 (1952).
32 I am most grateful to Herr August Rich, Managing Director, Drahtseilwerk Dietz GmbH & Co. KG, Neustadt bei Coburg, for permission to use this figure.
33 Based on similar aides-mémoires long used by students of elementary electro-magnetism.
34 I am most grateful to Dennis Fetter, Technical Director of WireCo World Group, Kansas City, for permission to use these explanatory diagrams.
35 Frank LeBus. US Patent #3,150,844, (1964).
36 The First World War trawler, aboard which boffins from HMS Vernon, worked out the technical nuts and bolts of O-sweeping in 1917, was called Oropesa.
37 The neuro-surgeon's Gigli saw works on the same principle.
38 Heinrich Gustav Magnus (1802–70).
39 If the ball has topspin, it will tend to drop; if it has been hit on the right side, it will tend to hook, or go to the player's left; hit on its left side, I will bend to slice or go to player's right.
40 ‘Deutsche Minensuchgeräte’ at www.shipmodel-today.de/sd130.htm.
41 Admiralty Manual of Seamanship vol. II, 89, 435; Cornford, The Paravane Adventure, 252.
42 I am particularly indebted for information on this point, to Mike Montgomerie, Simon Dixon, Linda Fitzpatrick and Trevor Kenchington.