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Original Articles

Historical geography of the Palestine southern coastal plain in the late Ottoman period – the Ashkelon region as a case study

Pages 974-1004 | Published online: 02 May 2019
 

Abstract

The city of Ashkelon occupies the geographical area that, during the Ottoman and Mandatory periods, belonged to six settlements (Majdal, Hamame, Nailia, Jora, Rasem, and Hasas). Although these settlements differed from one another in nature and in status, they nonetheless had ties with each other and with the large village, later to become the town Majdal, the central settlement in the region. The various developments that Palestine underwent during the course of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries did not pass over this area. Although the livelihood of the settlements in the region was based primarily on agriculture, each also possessed a distinctive character. The research describes the geographical developments in the Ashkelon region and its landscape, and examines the changes they and the area, underwent as a case study of the southern coastal plain.

Acknowledgments

The author is grateful to Gad Sobol (MA) for his assistance with research in the historical archives.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.

Notes

1 D. Grossman, Rural and Desertion: The Arab Village and Its Offshoots in Ottoman Palestine (Hebrew) (Jerusalem: Yad-Ben-Tzvi, 1994), p.158; J. Roskin, I. Katra and D. G. Blumberg, ‘Late Holocene dune Mobilizations in the Northwestern Negev dune field, Israel: A Response to Combined Anthropogenic Activity and Short-term Intensified Windiness’, Quaternary International Vol. 303 (2013), pp.10–23; I. Taxel, D. Sivan, R. Bookman and J. Roskin, ‘An Early Islamic Inter-Settlement Agroecosystem in the Coastal Sand of the Yavneh Dunefield, Israel’, Journal of Field Archaeology Vol. 43:7 (2008), pp.551–569 (http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/yjfa20).

2 After 20 years of researching this region, this study is an updated version of A. Sasson, ‘The Development of Ashkelon and Its Environs in the Late Ottoman Period’, in A. Sasson, Z. Safrai, and N. Sagiv (eds), Ashkelon: Bride of the South: Studies in the History of Ashkelon from the Middle Ages to the End of the Twentieth Century (Hebrew), (Tel Aviv: Eretz, 2002), pp.87–122.

3 E. Robinson, Biblical Researches in Palestine, and the Adjacent Regions: A Journal of Travels in the Year 1838, Vol. 2, (London: Crocker, 1856), p.35.

4 S. J. Frantzman and R. Kark, ‘The Muslim Settlement of Late Ottoman and Mandatory Palestine: Comparison with Jewish Settlement Patterns’, Digest of Middle East Studies, Vol. 22 (1) (2013), pp.74–93, see p.78.

5 E. Galili, J. Sharvit and U. Dahari, ‘Ashqelon and the Sea in Light of the Underwater and Coastal Archaeological Findings’, in A. Sasson, Z. Safrai and N. Sagiv (eds), Ashkelon: A City on the Seashore (Hebrew), (Tel Aviv: Eretz, 2001), pp.11–38, see pp.25–34.

6 C. L. Irby and J. Mangles, Travels in Egypt and Nubia, Syria, and Asia Minor during the Years 1817 & 1818 (London: White & Co., 1823), p.181.

7 W. M. Thomson, The Land and the Book (Edinburgh: Harper, 1881), p.175.

8 R. Kark, Jaffa: A City in Evolution, 1799–1917 (Jerusalem: Yad-Ben-Tzvi, 1990), pp.263–264.

9 C. Schick, ‘Karte zu dem Verzeichnis von Ortschaften im Paschalik Jerusalem’ [Map of Settlements in the Province of Jerusalem], in Deutscher verein zur Erforschung Palästinas (Leipzig: 1879); C. R. Conder and H. H. Kitchener, Palestine Exploration Fund Map (London: 1878).

10 V. Guérin, Description géographique, historique et archéologique de la Palestine, vol. 2: Judée [Description of the geography, archeology and history of Palestine], (Paris: Librairie la Société Asiatique, 1869), pp.72–126.

11 K. Baedeker, Palestine and Syria: With Routes through Mesopotamia and Babylonia and the Island of Cyprus (Leipzig: Baedeker, 1912), p.122; Conder and Kitchener, 1878; C. Geikie, The Holy Land and the Bible: A Book of Scripture Illustrations Gathered in Palestine, vol. 1 (London: Cassell, 1887), p.136; Thomson, The Land, p.170.

12 K. Ritter, The Comparative Geography of Palestine and the Sinaitic Peninsula, Vol. 3, (Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1866 [New York, 1969]), p.213.

13 W. Wittman, Travels in Turkey, Asia-Minor, Syria, and across the Desert into Egypt, (Philadelphia: James Humphreys, 1804), p.190.

14 Irby and Mangles, Travels, p.179.

15 A. Sasson, ‘Water for the Sojourner – Introduction to the History and Typology of Sabils (Water Fountains) in the Late Ottoman Period’, in C. Ohlig, Y. Peleg and T. Tsuk (eds), Cura Aquarum in Israel: In Memoriam Dr. Ya'akov Eren (Siegburg: Deutsche Wasserhistorische Gesellschaft, 2002), pp.113–125; A. Sasson, ‘Sabils (Water Fountains) of Jerusalem from the Medieval Period to the Twentieth Century’, in A.J. Hynynen, P. S. Juutiand T. S. Katko (eds), Water Fountains in the Worldscape (Kangasala: International Water History Association, 2012), pp.44–53.

16 Ritter, The Comparative, p.213.

17 G. Biger, An Empire in the Holy Land: Historical Geography of the British Administration in Palestine - 1917–1929 (Jerusalem: Magnes, 2017), p.118.

18 W. J. Phythian-Adams, ‘History of Askalon’, Palestine Exploration Quarterly 53:2 (1921), pp.76–90, see p.76.

19 Irby and Mangles, Travels, p.179; Guérin, Description, p.131; Thomson, The Land, p.170; D. Mackenzie, ‘The Philistine City of Askelon’, Palestine Exploration Quarterly Vol. 45, No. 1 (1913), pp.8–23, see p.12; C. R. Conder and H. H. Kitchener, The Survey of Western Palestine, Vol. 2, (London: Palestine Exploration Fund, 1882) p.418; Wittman, Travels, pp.190–191; C. W. Wilson, Picturesque Palestine: Sinai and Egypt, Vol. 3 (London: Appleton, 1884), p.169.

20 E. Hull, Mount Seir, Sinai and Western Palestine: Being a Narrative of a Scientific Expedition (London: Richard Bentley & Son, 1889), p.146.

21 Thomson, The Land, p.178.

22 Geike, Holy Land, p.123

23 Ibid., p.130.

24 J. Braslavsky, Do You Know the Land, Vol. 2: Land of the Negev (Tel Aviv: Hakibbutz Hameuchad, 1946), p.124 (Hebrew).

25 El Majdal Map, 1:625, Survey of Urban Area, Jaffa: Survey of Palestine (1938); Z. Vilnai, Ariel: Land of Israel Encyclopedia, (Tel Aviv: Am Oved, 1978), Vol. 5, p.4203 (Hebrew); we will deal with this question at length in the section on Majdal.

26 Conder and Kitchener, Survey, p.411.

27 Thomson, The Land, p.171.

28 Ibid., p.172.

29 J. Aharoni, ‘From Ashkelon to Rubin, Teva VaAretz, 2, (Israel - Land and Nature), (1933), pp.395–402, 470–476, see p.397 (Hebrew).

30 Ibid., p.395.

31 Wilson, Picturesque, p.164.

32 E. Dvorjetski, ‘The Economy Activity and Special Agricultural Products of Ashqelon from the Hellenistic to the Byzantine Periods’, in A. Sasson, Z. Safrai and N. Sagiv (eds), Ashkelon: A City on the Seashore (Tel Aviv: Eretz, 2001), pp.119–134, see pp.121–123, (Hebrew).

33 Baedeker, Palestine, p.124; Guérin, Description, p.171; T. Tobler (1859), Titus Toblers dritte Wanderung nach Palaestina im Jahre 1857 [Titus Toblers third Wandering to Palestine in 1857], (Gotha: Verlag von Justus Perthes, 1859), p.169; H. Guthe, ‘Die Ruinen Ascalons’ [Ruins of Ashkelon], Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins (1879), pp.164–171, see p.33.

34 P. J. Baldensperger, The Immovable East: Studies of the People and Customs of Palestine (London: Pitman, 1913), pp.56–57.

35 Geikie, Holy Land, p.130.

36 Hull, Mount Seir, pp.145–146; A. Sasson, ‘Holy War on Sand – The Dunes and Their Influence on the Development of the Ashkelon Region in the Late Ottoman Period’, in A. Sasson, Y. Farjon and A. Ackerman (eds), The Dunes Park: The Fourth Annual Conference, (Ashkelon: Ashkelon Academic College, 2000), pp.9–16 (Hebrew); Taxel, Sivan, Bookman and Roskin,‘Early Islamic’.

37 C. Warren, Underground Jerusalem (London: R. Bentley & Son, 1876), pp.463–464.

38 Braslavsky, Do You, p.335.

39 E. Galili and S. Arenson, The Ancient and Modern Salt Industry on the Mediterranean Coast of Israel (Haifa: Salt of the Earth Company, 2017); P. L. Fraenkel, ‘Water Lifting Devices’, FAO, Irrigation and Drainage, Paper 43, (1986), Chapters 3.3.3 (fig 22), 4.3.3. http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/ah810e/AH810E07.html.

40 S. Avitsur, Daily Life in Eretz Israel in the XIX Century (Jerusalem: Am Hasepher, 1976) (Hebrew), p.219; S. Avitsur, Man and His Work: Historical in the Atlas of Tools & Workshops Holy Land (Jerusalem: Carta, 1976) (Hebrew), p.59; S. Avitsur, ‘The Heritage of Ashkelon’, Ariel 78 (1991), pp.59–64 (Hebrew), see pp.59–60.

41 Guérin, Description, pp.130, 148.

42 Avitsur, Man, p.59; Avitsur, 'Ashkelon’, pp.59–60.

43 Geikie, Holy Land, p.123; Wilson, Picturesque, p.164.

44 Wilson, Picturesque, p.164.

45 Geike, Holy Land, p.123.

46 Sasson, ‘Water’, pp.119–20; A. Sasson, ‘“Ho, All Who Are Thirsty, Come for Water” – The Attitude to the Public Domain and the Public as Reflected in the Sabil Culture in Ashkelon’, Mayim MiDalayav Vol. 16 (2005), pp.153–62 (Hebrew); A. Sasson, ‘Restoration of the Ashkelon College Sabil’, in A. Sasson (ed.) ,The Historical City of Ashkelon – Preservation, Development, and Tourism: Eighth New Research on Ashkelon Conference, (Ashkelon: Ashkelon Academic College, 2011), pp.51–53 (Hebrew); A. Sasson, ‘Sabils (Drinking Fountains) in the Land of Israel: Geographical-Historical Attributes’, Horizons in History Vol. 86 (2014), pp.65–86 (Hebrew), see pp.71, 75.

47 Guérin, Description, pp.129, 133.

48 Guérin, Description, p.172

49 Robinson, Biblical, p.35.

50 N. Shalem, Dew and Rain: Chapters in the Water Streams in Erez-Israel (Hebrew) (Tel Aviv: Amanut, 1933), p.197.

51 Avitsur, Man, pp.60–63.

52 Avitsur, Man, p.223.

53 Robinson, Biblical, p.35.

54 Geikie, Holy Land, p.169.

55 J. de Thévenot, Relation d'un voyage fait au Levant (Paris: Gallica, 1664), p.570.

56 Geikie, Holy Land, p.128.

57 N. Levin, E. Elron and A. Gasith, ‘Decline of wetland ecosystems in the coastal plain of Israel during the 20th century’, Landscape and Urban Planning Vol. 92 (2009), pp.220–232.

58 Conder and Kitchener, sheet XVI.

59 Ascalon Map (1942). 1:20,000, Sheet 10-12, Jaffa: Survey of Palestine.

60 Conder and Kitchener, Survey, p.410.

61 Guérin, Description, p.129.

62 Geikie, Holy Land, p.173.

63 Guérin, Description, pp.129–130.

64 Avitsur, Daily Life, p.103.

65 Thomson, The Land, p.170.

66 Wilson, Picturesque, p.164.

67 Hull, Mount Seir, pp.145–146; Conder and Kitchener, Survey, p.146.

68 Hull, Mount Seir, p.146.

69 Thomson, The Land, p.170.

70 Frantzman and Kark, ‘Muslim’, p.80.

71 C. F. Volney, Travels through Syria and Egypt in the Years 1783, 1784, and 1785, vol. 2 (London: G.G.J. & J. Robinson, 1781), pp.193–194.

72 Grossman, Rural, p.158.

73 Kark, Jaffa, p.19.

74 S. J. Frantzman, N. Levin and R. Kark, 'Counting Nomads: British Census Attempts and Tent Counts of the Negev 1917–1948', Population, Space and Place, (2013), p.10, published online in Wiley Online Library: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/psp.1795.

75 Grossman, Rural, p.158.

76 D. Amiran, ‘The Geography of the Negeb and the Southern Boundary of Settlement in Israel’, Bulletin of the Israel Exploration Society, 20 (1956) (Hebrew), pp.108–117. see p.111.

77 Frantzman and Kark, ‘Muslim’, p.78.

78 Z. Lifshitz (Lif), Palestine: Cadastral Maps, 1:20,000, sheets 10-11, Jaffa: Survey of Palestine (1947).

79 Braslavsky, Do You, pp.238, 252.

80 Aharoni, ‘Ashkelon’, p.397.

81 J. Schwarz, Tevuot ha-Aretz, A. M. Luncz (ed.) (Jerusalem: Luncz, 1900) (Hebrew), p.143.

82 Baedeker, Palestine, p.124.

83 Aharoni, ‘Ashkelon’, p.395.

84 Y. Ben-Artzi, From Germany to the Holy Land: Templer Settlement in Palestine (Jerusalem: Yad-Ben-Tzvi, 1996) (Hebrew), p.106.

85 Mackenzie, ‘Philistine’, p.12.

86 Aharoni, ‘Ashkelon’, p.398.

87 M. Hartmann,‘Die Ortschaftenliste des Liwa Jerusalem in dem türkischen Staatskalender für Syrien auf das Jahr 1288 der Flucht [The list of places of the Jerusalem district in the Turkish state calendar for Syria to the year 1871], ZDPV Vol. 6, (1883), pp.102–149.

88 I. Press, Palestine and Southern Syria: A Travelogue (Hebrew) Benjamin Harz (Jerusalem-Berlin-Vienna, 1921).

89 J. B. Barron, Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922 (Jerusalem: 1923).

90 I. S. Horowitz, Palestine and the Adjacent Countries, Vol. 1 (Hebrew) (Vienna: Avraham Horowitz, 1923).

91 I. Press, Geography of Eretz Israel, (Hebrew) (Tel-Aviv: Dvir, 1925), p.217.

92 E. Mills, Census of Palestine 1931: Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas (Jerusalem: Greek Convent & Goldberg Presses, 1932).

93 Village Statistics, February 1938, Department of Statistics, Palestine, Jerusalem.

94 Village Statistics, April, 1945, Department of Statistics, Palestine, Jerusalem.

95 U. Heyd, Ottoman Documents on Palestine, 1552-1615: A Study of the Firman according to the Muhimme Defteri (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1960), pp.145–146.

96 Wilson, Picturesque, p.164.

97 Biger, ‘Hierarchy’, p.91; Frantzman and Kark, ‘Muslim’, p.85.

98 Hull, Mount Seir, p.146.

99 M. Sharon, Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae (CIAP), Vol. 1, (Leiden: 1997), pp.185–186; Y. Yadin, ‘Arabic Inscriptions in Palestine’, Eretz-Israel, 7 (1964), pp.102–116. (Hebrew), see pp.108–109.

100 Wittman, Travels, p.189.

101 Geikie, Holy Land, p.123, illustration on p.124; Conder and Kitchener, Survey, p.410.

102 Guérin, Description, p.130.

103 Wilson, Picturesque, p.167.

104 M. Elkayam, 40 Years of Jewish Settlement in Gaza: Beer Sheva and the Establishment of the Ruhamah Farm (Hebrew) (Netzarim: Jewish Gaza Heritage Centre 1994), p.13.

105 Aharoni, ‘Ashkelon’, p.395; Baedeker Palestine, p.20; Conder and Kitchener, Survey, p.410; R. Elston, The Traveller's Handbook for Palestine and Syria (London: Simpkin Marshall, 1929) p.57.

106 C. Clermont-Ganneau, Archaeological Researches in Palestine during the Years 1873–1874, (London: Palestine Exploration Fund, 1896), p.187.

107 Avitsur, Daily Life, p.284; Geikie Holy Land, p.123.

108 A. M. Luncz, ‘Market Days in Palestine’, Luah Eretz Israel (Palestine Almanach), (1906) p.31 (Hebrew).

109 Avitsur, Daily Life, p.285.

110 Guérin, Description, p.131.

111 Biger, ‘Hierarchy’, pp.90–91.

112 Clermont-Ganneau, Researches, p.190.

113 Baedeker, Palestine, p.124.

114 Aharoni, ‘Ashkelon’, p.395.

115 G. Biger, ‘The Hierarchy of Palestine Towns during the Mandate Period’, Studies in the Geography of Israel 12 (1986), pp.87–98 (Hebrew), see p.90.

116 Conder and Kitchener, Survey, p.411; Geikie, Holy Land, p.123.

117 Volney, Travels, p.338.

118 Avitsur, ‘Ashkelon’, p.63.

119 Conder and Kitchener, Survey, p.411.

120 Aharoni, ‘Ashkelon’, p.395.

121 Braslavsky, Do You, p.278.

122 J. Waschitz, The Arabs in Palestine: Economics, Society, Culture, Politics (Merhaviah: Hapoalim, 1947) (Hebrew), pp.105–106.

123 Braslavsky, Do You, p.360.

124 J. Braslavsky, Studies in Our Country: Its Past and Remains (Tel-Aviv: Hakibutz Hameuchad, 1954), pp.326–327 (Hebrew).

125 Schwarz, Tevuot, p.123.

126 G. Biger, An Empire in the Holy Land: Historical Geography of the British Administration in Palestine 1917–1929 (New York and Jerusalem: Magnes, 1994), pp.152–153.

127 Biger, Empire, p.156; H. C. Luke and E. Keith-Roach, The Handbook of Palestine (London: Macmillan, 1922), p.83.

128 Schwarz, Tevuot, p.142.

129 Guérin, Description, p.129.

130 Geikie, Holy Land, p.122.

131 W. Khalidi, All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948 (Washington: Institute for Palestine Studies, 1992) p.98.

132 E. G. Rey, Etude sur les Monuments de l'architecture militaire de Croises en Syrie et dans l'île de Chypre, (Paris: Imprimerie nationale, 1871), p.29.

133 Guérin, Description, pp.134, 148.

134 Conder and Kitchener, Survey, p.422.

135 Elston, Handbook, p.61.

136 T. H. E. Last, Survey of Wells: National Park Ashkelon (Jerusalem: Geological Survey of Israel, 1989); T. H. E. Last, ‘Survey of Water Wells’, in L. E. Stager, D. Schloen and D. M. Master (eds), Ashkelon Vol. 1, (Winona Lake, Indiana: 2008), Eisenbrauns, pp.107–126; Y. Nir, ‘The Wells of Ashkelon’, in L. E. Stager, D. Schloen and D. M., Master (eds), Ashkelon Vol. 1, (Winona Lake, Indiana: 2008), Eisenbrauns, pp.105–106.

137 Guérin, Description, pp.134–135.

138 Geikie, Holy Land, p.123.

139 Aharoni, ‘Ashkelon’, p.401.

140 Aharoni, ‘Ashkelon’, pp.397, 401.

141 Thomson, The Land, p.176.

142 Aharoni, ‘Ashkelon’, pp.395–398.

143 Braslavsky, Do You, p.279.

144 Aharoni, ‘Ashkelon’, p.471; P. Cohen and D. Benvenisti, Guide to the Land of Israel (Hebrew) (Jerusalem: Jerusalem Press, 1937), p.173.

145 J. Garstang, ‘The Excavation of Askalon, 1920–1921’, PEFQ (1921), pp.73–75, Pl. 1.

146 Khalidi, All That, p.116.

147 Aharoni, ‘Ashkelon’, p.401.

148 Khalidi, All That, p.116.

149 Grossman, Rural, p.158.

150 Thomson, The Land, p.178.

151 Guérin, Description, p.172.

152 Conder and Kitchener, Survey, p.283.

153 Grossman, Rural, p.158.

154 Khalidi, All That, p.123.

155 Schwarz, Tevuot, p.142.

156 C. W. M. van de Velde, Narrative of a Journey through Syria and Palestine in 1851 and 1852, Vol. 2 (Edinburgh: Blackwood, 1854), p.179.

157 Schwarz, Tevuot, pp.123, 143.

158 D. Roberts, The Holy Land, Syria, Idumea, Arabia, Egypt & Nubia, Vol. 3: Judea & the Jordan River (London: Moon, 1842), p.132.

159 Guérin, Description, p.133.

160 J. Murray, A Handbook for Travellers in Syria and Palestine (Murray's Hand-book Syria and Palestine) (London: John Murray, 1875), p.278.

Additional information

Funding

This research was supported by the internal Research Fund of the Ashkelon Academic College.

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