Abstract
The threat status of New Zealand's bryophytes (currently 13 hornwort species, 608 liverwort species and 520 moss species) has been re-evaluated, using revised New Zealand Threat Classification System criteria. Threatened or uncommon status has been applied to 269 taxa (c. 24% of the total number of species) and to 25 entities that are either described but disputed or are undescribed. No taxa are known to be extinct. Forty-one taxa are listed as Threatened (26 Nationally Critical, 9 Nationally Endangered and 6 Nationally Vulnerable). One hundred and thirty-six taxa and entities are listed as At Risk, including 122 Naturally Uncommon, 2 Relict and 1 Declining, 8 Non-resident Native, and 3 Introduced and Naturalized. One hundred and thirty-five taxa and entities are Data Deficient.
Introduction
Currently, New Zealand undertakes triennial threat listings of all indigenous biota in a process sponsored by the New Zealand Department of Conservation (DOC). That process uses a uniquely designed New Zealand Threat Classification system developed by a DOC-led team (see de Lange & Norton 1998; Molloy et al. Citation2002; Townsend et al. Citation2008). The listings are developed and refined by Expert Panels whose members are appointed by DOC, if possible in consultation with professional societies and local interest groups, such as botanical societies.
The previous reviews of New Zealand's threatened and uncommon bryophytes, in 2002 (Hitchmough Citation2002) and 2005 (Hitchmough et al. Citation2007), were published as part of a general compendium of threatened and at risk indigenous biota. Those two listings used the first iteration of the New Zealand Threat Classification system (Molloy et al. Citation2002). However, in 2008 that system was revised in a new manual by Townsend et al. (Citation2008), which is the threat classification system used for this article. Among the many changes to Molloy et al. (Citation2002), the guidelines of Townsend et al. (Citation2008) require that all threat listings conducted by Expert Panels be published independently of DOC, through peer-reviewed literature, and that the lists themselves remain the property of each Expert Panel. These measures were adopted in part to ensure a greater level of objectivity in publications resulting from the use of the New Zealand Threat Classification system, as well as highlighting the status of New Zealand's flora and fauna in more readily accessible media (PJ de Lange, Dept of Conservation, pers. comm. 2010). Other key differences between the first and second iterations of the New Zealand Threat Classification system are not addressed here – examples are given in de Lange et al. (Citation2009).
This article reports on the results of the third review undertaken by a Bryophyte Expert Panel and provides an assessment of the conservation status of New Zealand's bryophytes based on the collective knowledge of the panel and submissions received by the panel prior to May 2009. We stress that the process of threat listing New Zealand bryophytes is still very much in its infancy and so we recognize that there is still considerable doubt about the exact status of many of the plants listed here. However, as has been shown by other New Zealand biota for which there has been a longer established record of regular threat listing publication (e.g. vascular plants [33 years] and birds [28 years]; see Miskelly et al. Citation2008; de Lange et al. Citation2009), the process of publishing each listing has provided a stimulus for the New Zealand public to become more involved in looking for threatened taxa. With each listing our accuracy and confidence in our assessments are improved.
The listed taxa do not have legal protection. Rather, the function of the list is to help DOC, regional councils and community groups to manage threatened species on lands that they administer for conservation and to advocate for their protection on other, including private, land.
Methods
The following lists are for those bryophytes known to be present in the New Zealand Botanical Region (Wardle Citation1991; Tennyson & Martinson 2006; Engel & Glenny Citation2008), excluding those that are endemic to island groups that are part of Australian territory, namely Macquarie and Norfolk Islands.
Taxa considered
Taxonomically determinate listings comprise those taxa whose names are legitimately and effectively published according to the criteria of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (McNeill et al. Citation2006; http://ibot.sav.sk/icbn/main.htm) and generally accepted by relevant experts as distinct. Taxonomically indeterminate taxa are either legitimately and effectively published, but not generally accepted as distinct, or are entities yet to be furnished with a formal name (Townsend et al. Citation2008, p. 9). In this article, we use ‘taxa’ for species, subspecies, varieties and forms that have been formally described, and ‘entities’ for informally recognized plants. Informally recognized entities have a New Zealand herbarium voucher number associated with them, and the locality of the specimen cited.
There are published checklists for mosses (Fife Citation1995) and liverworts and hornworts (Glenny 1998). The online database Ngā Tipu o Aoteoroa (Allan Herbarium Citation2000) is a list of plant names accepted by that herbarium, based on these two checklists but incorporating updates from more recent literature. There is also a partial published flora of the liverworts that covers one third of the species (Engel & Glenny Citation2008), and a moss flora in preparation, from which many of the records herein are derived. Herbarium records and taxonomic revisions were also consulted, e.g. for the genus Fissidens (Beever Citation1999; Beever & Stone Citation1999) and for the genus Telaranea (Engel & Smith-Merrill Citation2004). The panel used information from all these sources.
The numbers of formally described and accepted bryophyte species known in New Zealand are currently 520 mosses, 608 liverworts and 13 hornworts (Allan Herbarium, Citation2000). These were all considered during the threat classification review. Excluding adventives, endemism at species level of these three bryophyte groups is c. 19% for mosses, 45% for liverworts and 60% for hornworts (unpublished data).
In addition, a number of undescribed entities known to panel members or mentioned in submissions from others were considered. Those considered threatened are listed separately in . There is no complete list of taxonomically indeterminate entities from which these names were drawn. They are taxa that are either legitimately and effectively published, but not generally accepted as distinct, or entities that are yet to be furnished with a formal name. Examples include: Dicranella temperata Allison is a published name, but because the type material is poor it is uncertain whether the name refers to a species distinct from other species present in New Zealand; Porella aff. viridissima is a distinct species endemic to New Zealand but is undescribed; Tortula sp. ‘red costa’ is taxonomically indeterminate because it is uncertain whether this taxon is the same as the Australian species Phascopsis rubicunda I.G.Stone, for the reason that all New Zealand specimens found so far are immature. Formally described but disputed taxa are accompanied by a brief note of explanation.
The classification process
The Expert Panel was the same as the one which reviewed the list in 2005 and consisted of the first six authors of this paper. Townsend et al. (Citation2008) state that panel members should be selected through consultation with a relevant society. In the case of bryophytes, this is the annual John Child Bryophyte and Lichen workshop, and this guideline should be followed for the next review. Panel members made individual submissions for the review, which were collated before the meeting, and written submissions were considered by several experts outside the panel: John Engel, Matt von Konrat (Field Museum), Peter de Lange (DOC), Elizabeth Brown (NSW herbarium) and Rodney Lewington. Taxa were placed into threat categories based on the criteria provided by Townsend et al. (Citation2008). The panel met on 14–15 May 2009 (with the exception of Jessica Beever who could not be present). Submissions were considered at this meeting, and where there was a consensus on the threat category it was adopted. Where there was no consensus, the panel assigned a threat category consistent with that assigned to taxa with similar area of occupancy, geographic distribution and state of knowledge. There should be good consistency in threat category within the bryophytes, but the way these threat categories have been applied may not be uniform with other organism groups, because a certain amount of interpretation of the criteria is required depending on the group of organisms. One of us, Rod Hitchmough, has been a facilitator at all panel meetings and his involvement provides a degree of consistency of criteria interpretation between organism groups.
Since the May 2009 meeting, additions have been made to the list and agreed on by all panel members. Most of these were taxa newly recorded in New Zealand (particularly on Raoul Island) or names newly published. The closing date for changes to the list was 30 June 2010.
The categories used in our evaluation are defined by Townsend et al. (Citation2008):
| 1. | Extinct. | ||||
| 2. | Threatened, including Nationally Critical (NC), Nationally Endangered (NE) and Nationally Vulnerable (NV). | ||||
| 3. | At Risk, including Declining (Dec), Recovering (Rec), Relict (Rel) and Naturally Uncommon (NU). | ||||
| 4. | Not Threatened (NT). These are not listed in this article. | ||||
| 5. | Non-resident Native, including Colonizer, Migrant and Vagrant. | ||||
| 6. | Introduced and Naturalized (arrival through human agency and self-sustaining populations exist in the wild). | ||||
| 7. | Data Deficient. | ||||
Trend criteria (ongoing or predicted population trend – due to existing threats – measured either by changes in population size or area of occupancy) are much more difficult criteria to apply to bryophytes. Such information is rarely available, and trend criteria were therefore rarely used to determine the threat rankings.
The categories Non-resident Native versus Introduced and Naturalized, can be difficult to apply to bryophytes because of uncertainty over whether humans have been responsible for a recent arrival.
A series of qualifiers (e.g. Data Poor) were also applied that give additional information on each taxon, in accordance with the definitions in Townsend et al. (Citation2008; Appendix 1). For Threatened taxa, the criteria that were used to decide threat status are also listed after the qualifiers.
Results and discussion
Appendices 1 and 2 list the threatened bryophytes. Appendices 3 and 4 list taxa that were removed from the 2005 threatened bryophyte list (Hitchmough et al. Citation2007). Appendix 5 is a concordance of names between the 2005 list and the current list.
There are no bryophyte species known to be extinct, but for a few species continued existence is precarious. The best example of this is Lindbergia maritima, a moss species of west Auckland coastal cliffs, which, probably due to wave action from vigorous westerly storms in the Tasman Sea, is now confined to a few very small patches. Considerable searches have failed to locate additional populations. Another moss species, Epiptergyium opararens, is known from a declining population at a single site, but could be present at other sites in the Nelson region. Although dedicated searches have failed to locate additional populations, it is an example of a species which is inconspicuous enough that certainty over its true total distribution will be difficult to achieve. A precautionary approach requires that the known population be treated as the sole population. There are few bryologists with the experience needed to search for such a species.
There are also species that are likely to be highly threatened and may be extinct but there is no recent knowledge of them, for example Petalophyllum hodgsoniae, which has not been seen since 1947.
Changes in numbers and threat status
There has been an increase in numbers of listed taxa over the three reviews that have been conducted (). The proportional increase is approximately the same for mosses and liverworts. The most significant change between the 2005 and this listing is that the number of Threatened taxa has decreased, whereas the number of Data Deficient taxa and entities has increased.
Table 1 Numbers of bryophyte taxa and entities listed in the reviews of 2002, 2005, and 2009, totals and by threat category.
In both mosses and liverworts, the number of Threatened taxa has decreased since the 2005 listing by c. 40%. Reasons for these changes are several. The main reason is the view that for many taxa we agreed that we have insufficient knowledge to assign a threat status with confidence, and such taxa have been reassigned to Data Deficient. Such taxa are typically known from single specimens, sometimes with poor locality data. A second reason is an increasing view that non-endemic native elements in the bryophyte flora that are rare may be either vagrant or new colonizers. Some of these are old records and the localities have been searched without success, leading to the conclusion that the species are no longer present. All are taxa that are secure overseas. A third reason is that there is better knowledge of a taxon through new collections over the last 5 years which led to a change to At Risk–Naturally Uncommon in a number of cases.
For the mosses, seven taxa or entities were reclassified as Data Deficient (). The moss Bartramia alaris is known from a single collection from Havelock North in 1929. It was found in pasture, but otherwise nothing is known of its ecology. It has not been collected in recent years, but nor has it been searched for intensively. Examination of the type specimen suggests that it is worthy of recognition at the species level. Bryum tenuidens was collected on Mt Arthur in 1930 but has not been seen since. Calliergidium austro-stramineum was found at Cape Foulwind in 1984 (without an exact locality) and searched for recently without success. Change in farming practice may have led to the demise of this circum-subantarctic species. Scorpiurum cucullatum was found in 1979 at the Bay of Islands and Rai Valley but has not been relocated despite considerable search effort. It may be a vagrant.
Table 2 Mosses Nationally Critical in Hitchmough et al. (Citation2007) reclassified in the current list.
For the liverworts, 22 taxa or entities were reclassified as Data Deficient (). An example of a liverwort species reclassified from Nationally Critical to Data Deficient is Lejeunea cyanophora, known only from the type from ‘ca. 0.6 miles N of Haast Pass’ (Schuster 1963) with detailed habitat notes, but it has not been relocated despite several searches. Seven liverwort species were reclassified from Nationally Critical to At Risk–Naturally Uncommon. An example is the liverwort Schistochila pellucida, known in 2005 with certainty from only one site in the Whirinaki River gorge (earlier sites in the Kaingaroa area may no longer exist due to pine plantations). It has been searched for and found since 2005 at two new sites that suggest that it will be present at other sites in the Volcanic Plateau region.
Table 3 Liverworts Nationally Critical in Hitchmough et al. (2007) reclassified in the present list.
Of the five mosses listed as Data Deficient in 2005, three have been removed from that category as a result of new knowledge. Discovery of fertile female material of Trichostomum imshaugii enabled synonymy with Willia calobolax. Field work, much of it by Peter de Lange, has provided additional records of Fissidens oblongifolius var. oblongifolius at North Cape and on Rangitoto Island, plus extensions of range to the Kermadec and Chatham Islands. Owing to a much better understanding of the habitat requirements of this moss it can now be listed as Naturally Uncommon.
The category Non-resident Native that includes Vagrants and Colonizers was not used in the 2005 listing (it was available then) but has been used in this list. Some New Zealand mosses are likely to be rare because their spores are dispersing from Australia to create temporary populations in New Zealand (Vagrants). Colonizers have similarly small populations, and have arrived recently in New Zealand without direct or indirect help from humans, but are defined for the purposes of Threat Classification as having been successfully reproducing in the wild since 1950 (Townsend et al. Citation2008). An example of a moss that has been reclassified as At Risk–Vagrant is Crossidium geheebii, an Australasian species collected near Napier between 1874 and 1937, and searched for intensively in 2007 but not refound. Similarly, Aloina bifrons was collected in 1874 and 1994, on both occasions near Napier, and has not been found in subsequent searches in that area. Previously regarded as Range Restricted, it is reclassified as a Vagrant. Goniomitrium acuminatum, a highly distinctive, predominantly Australian moss, has been collected only once in New Zealand, in 1874, again near Napier. A second species of Aloina, A. ambigua, was first recorded in New Zealand in 2007 at two sites on roadsides in southern Hawke's Bay. The larger colony, a dense sward some 5 m in length, was persisting when revisited in 2009, and another colony was found in Carterton Cemetery. The hepatic Drepanolejeunea pentadactyla is an epiphyll known since 2003 from a taraire tree overhanging the Mangamuka River, Northland. It was searched for intensively in Northland in 2008, and although it is still present at Mangamuka River, no further plants were found near the original site or elsewhere in similar habitats. It has been reclassified from Data Deficient to Vagrant. Townsend et al. (Citation2008) state that Vagrants are ‘invariably taxa that have failed to establish themselves beyond their point of arrival due to reproductive failure … or for other specific ecological reasons’. In the case of Drepanolejeunea pentadactyla, there is probably reproductive success; other reasons that may be limiting the species from spreading are unknown. At the three sites Aloina ambigua has been seen, it was producing copious capsules, and microscopic examination of spores showed that they were green and turgid, and hence likely to be viable. The ruderal habitat it occupies would appear to be available in abundance. Thus, in the case of this species we may be witnessing the early stages of establishment of a true colonist, rather than the temporary appearance of a vagrant.
The proportion of the moss flora listed is lower than the number of liverworts and hornworts (18% rather than 35%). This is a result of our better knowledge of the moss flora, and is reflected in the fact that half of the liverworts listed are now regarded as Data Deficient. Moss collections at the three main New Zealand herbaria (CHR, WELT, AK) are approximately three times as numerous as liverwort and hornwort collections, and intensive searching for threatened liverworts has only just begun in earnest.
Within the At Risk category, subcategories have changed. All taxa that were assigned to this category have been reviewed and qualifiers such as Sparse and Range Restricted have been reassessed.
We believe that this review has considerably improved the list. However, we expect that the list will continue to change because our knowledge of the bryophytes, both taxonomic and distributional, is actively changing, and this is largely driven by the wish to make the threatened list reflect the true status of the taxa.
Compared with some other groups of organisms, bryophytes have relatively few specialists searching for them in the field. Nevertheless, observant field naturalists can quickly learn to recognize specific taxa. Two of the three known colonies of Aloina ambigua were discovered by a mycologist who had been present at the first finding of that species. Rangers from the Auckland Regional Council Parks Department have used abseiling techniques to search (albeit so far in vain) for additional colonies of Lindbergia maritima (Nationally Critical). Similarly, NIWA botanists have assisted with searches for the aquatic moss Fissidens integerrimus (Nationally Vulnerable) in streams of the Waitakere Ranges. Recruitment of such assistance accelerates development of the listings and can assist concomitant conservation efforts.
Factors influencing representation in the three major threat categories
Recency of recognition in New Zealand
The list has a bias towards recently described or recently discovered species (). Half of the listed liverwort taxa became known in the last 20 years, and half of the listed moss taxa became known in the last 30 years.
Table 4 Period in which a liverwort (L.), moss (M.) or hornwort (H.) taxon became known in New Zealand either by its formal publication, the publication of a new record for New Zealand, or by the discovery that a taxonomically indeterminate entity occurred in New Zealand.
Listed taxa that were discovered in the nineteenth or early twentieth centuries are more likely, in our opinion, to be genuinely at risk from extinction than those recently discovered. Seven per cent of the listed liverwort taxa were recognized as present in New Zealand before 1960, including such species as Petalophyllum preissii, Isopaches pumicicola and Ricciocarpos natans. By contrast, 42% of the listed moss taxa were known in New Zealand prior to 1960, including such species as Grimmia plagiopoda (as G. argentea R.Br.bis), Erpodium glaucum, Physcomitrium pusillum and Seligeria diminuta. This higher fraction of ‘older’ listed moss taxa is almost certainly a result of the greater attention given to this group by pre-1960 collectors.
The listed mosses, and to a lesser degree the liverworts, show a ‘bulge’ for the 1980–1989 period. This we largely attribute to the intense collection efforts by the late John K. Bartlett.
The three liverwort species that are in the Threatened category that were recently found within the last 10 years in New Zealand are Kurzia dendroides (on Chatham Island), Telaranea inaequalis (described in 2004 by Engel & Merrill and mainly known from Stockton Plateau where its habitat is threatened by mining and hydro development) and Petalophyllum hodgsoniae (known only from the type collected in Hawke's Bay in 1947 and recognized as distinct in 2002; Crandall-Stotler et al. Citation2002), and not found in a recent search at the type locality). The single Threatened moss species newly discovered in New Zealand since 2000 is Calymperes tenerum, a widespread tropical/subtropical species at the southernmost limit of its wide range. Likewise, the seven moss species added to the Data Deficient category are mostly subtropical species at the limit of their range (e.g. Calymperes tahitense, Meteoriopsis reclinata and Fissidens dietrichiae). The sole recently discovered At Risk moss is the relatively cryptic Fallaciella robusta which has been taxonomically segregated from the relatively widespread and common F. gracilis.
New Zealand endemism
shows the levels of endemism in the three main categories. These figures do not include taxonomically indeterminate entities, where endemism is not properly established. In New Zealand, 53% of liverwort taxa are considered to be endemic (Allan Herbarium, Citation2000), and there is no over-representation of these in the three categories; 19% of moss species in New Zealand are considered to be endemic (Allan Herbarium, Citation2000; unpubl. data); and endemic moss taxa are over-represented in the threatened plant list (27%), particularly in the Threatened (39%) and At Risk (27%) categories.
Table 5 Numbers and proportions of threatened liverwort (L.), moss (M.) and hornwort (H.) taxa that are endemic to New Zealand.
Distribution on outlying islands ()
On the Kermadec Islands, the six Data Deficient mosses, Calymperes tahitense, Fissidens crispulus var. robinsonii, F. dietrichiae, Meteoropsis reclinata, Neckeropsis lepineana and Vesicularia inflectens, are mostly of tropical distribution, and all relatively recently discovered in New Zealand, where their threat status is not yet understood. None are endemic to the Kermadecs. The single At Risk moss from the Chatham Islands is Macromitrium ramsayae, which is endemic to that island group. The single Threatened moss from the New Zealand subantarctic islands is Willia calobolax, known also from islands in the southern Indian Ocean, while the five At Risk species are Blindia seppeltii, Crosbya nervosa, Muelleriella angustifolia and M. aucklandica (all endemic to the New Zealand region), and Blindia contecta, known also from the southern Indian ocean. There are six genuinely threatened or at risk moss species confined to the New Zealand subantarctic islands, five of them endemic to those islands.
Table 6 Numbers of threatened bryophyte taxa present only on New Zealand outlying island groups.
The four listed liverwort taxa confined to the Kermadec Islands are Heteroscyphus argutus, Lejeunea anisophylla (both widespread tropical species), Plagiochila pacifica and Radula cordiloba subsp. erigens (both endemic to the Kermadecs). The two listed liverworts of the southern outlying islands are Riccardia aff. pallidevirens (known from a single Campbell Island collection and not known whether it is the same as a South American species of that name) and Riccardia umida (known from a single Auckland Island collection).
Bioclimatic zone
shows the numbers of threatened taxa in each bioclimatic zone. Bioclimatic zones follow Wardle (Citation1991) and altitudes are approximately as follows: subtropical (0–100 m in Northland), lowland (0–500 m at mid-South Island latitude), montane (500–1300 m at mid-South Island latitude) and alpine (above upper treeline, c. 1300 m at mid-South Island latitude). Zones are lower in the south, so that the southern outlying islands are entirely in the montane zone. The zones and their altitudes at the various latitudes follow those in Wardle (1979), reproduced in Engel and Glenny (Citation2008, Fig. 1, p. 30). Taxa sometimes occur in more than one zone, so the totals for each threat category add up to more than the number of taxa involved.
Table 7 Numbers of threatened liverwort (L.), moss (M.) and hornwort (H.) taxa in bioclimatic zones in New Zealand.
The alpine zone is home to a large number of Data Deficient liverwort taxa (31 taxa). Examples of these are four species in the genus Lophozia: L. bicrenata, L. monoica, L. nivicola and L. subalpina. Three of these species are known only from the type or from a single location. Only two Data Deficient mosses (Bryum tenuidens and Hymenostylium recurvirostre) occur in the alpine zone and this probably reflects the longer history of intensive moss collection in alpine areas. The Bryum, like the Lophozia species, is known only from its type locality.
The Threatened category has only six alpine liverwort taxa (Allisoniella scottii, Anastrophyllum papillosum, Cephaloziella nothogena, Riccardia pseudodendroceros, Seppeltia succuba and Xenothallus vulcanicola) and only two alpine moss taxa (Plagiopus oederiana and Tortula viridipila).
The largest number of Threatened liverwort taxa occurs in the lowland zone (Allisoniella scottii, Castanoclobos julaceus, Isolembidium anomalum var. anomalum, Petalophyllum hodgsoniae, Petalophyllum preisii, Pseudolophocolea denticulata, Riccardia intercellula, Xenothallus vulcanicola, Frullania wairua, Radula papulosa, Goebelobryum unguiculatum, Kurzia dendroides, Calypogeia sphagnicola, Neogrollea notabilis and Ricciocarpos natans). This trend is mirrored in the mosses with nine taxa (Didymodon calycinus, Epipterygium opararense, Erpodium glaucum, Fissidens integerrimus, Fissidens berteroi, Hampeella pallens, Lindbergia maritima, Physcomitrella patens subsp. readeri, Physcomitrium pusillum) occurring in the lowland zone. The one Threatened liverwort taxon in the subtropical zone is Frullania wairua, a very rare epiphyte at North Cape. The three Threatened moss taxa occuring in the subtropical zone (Cyclodictyon blumeanum, Calymperes tenerum and Archidium elatum) are more scattered in their distribution.
Conclusions
As a result of field, herbarium and laboratory studies, there are major changes from the previous threatened bryophyte listing of Hitchmough et al. (Citation2007). Twenty-six liverwort and six moss taxa have been removed from the list as the result of better knowledge of their distributions and taxonomy.
Most changes involve changes in threat classification to taxa already listed. Some have been removed from the Threatened category (they were mostly classified as National Critical) and the bulk of these (21 liverwort species and 7 moss taxa) have been reclassified as Data Deficient because there is too little known about them to maintain the earlier classification. In some cases (e.g. Xenothallus vulcanicola), we know more about habitat requirements than at the last listing and realize there is too much unsearched potential habitat to be able to assign a threat status. There are now 110 Data Deficient bryophyte taxa, and 95 of them are liverworts, reflecting that the liverworts have been historically less collected than the mosses. In many cases, particularly in the liverworts, Data Deficient taxa were recently described and it will take time to assess how common and widespread these taxa are.
The list can be expected to change again at the next reclassification exercise because of increased knowledge of the group. Bryology is an active area of research in New Zealand. Earlier iterations of the threatened bryophyte list relied on information obtained from herbarium specimens. The current list now incorporates the results of deliberate searches for listed taxa. Changes will also follow from taxonomic clarification gained from flora investigations currently underway.
Future iterations will continue to reflect better taxonomic knowledge as flora investigations continue, but should also reflect further intensive searching for listed taxa. For some taxa, much more of this searching is needed before species recovery work can be profitably done.
However, where threatened taxa are well understood, active conservation work must proceed alongside analyses and refinement of threat status listings. Examples of such taxa are Lindenbergia maritima and Epipterygium opararense, where the known populations are so small that conservation work is urgently needed to prevent their becoming extinct.
Acknowledgements
We thank the following for their valuable input into the relisting process: Peter de Lange, John Engel, Matt von Konrat, Rodney Lewington and Elizabeth Brown. We thank Peter de Lange for extensive comments on an earlier draft of the article. We also thank Matt von Konrat, as reviewer, for his constructive comments on the manuscript. David Glenny, Allan Fife and Patrick Brownsey were funded for this work by FRST OBI Discovering New Zealand's Biota. David Glenny and Matt Renner were funded by Department of Conservation in 2009 to survey Northland for Data Deficient liverworts that resulted in changes in threat status for a number of species. Anders Hagborg (Field Museum) provided access to the Early Land Plants database that was used to check names of liverworts and their endemism.
Related Research Data
References
- Allan Herbarium 2000 . Ngā Tipu o Aotearoa – New Zealand Plant Names Database . Landcare Research, New Zealand. Available http://nzflora.landcareresearch.co.nz/ (accessed December 2010) .
- Beever , JE . 1999 . Studies of Fissidens (Bryophyta: Musci) in New Zealand: a synopsis and key to taxa . New Zealand Journal of Botany , 37 : 659 – 670 .
- Beever , JE and Stone , IG . 1999 . Studies of Fissidens (Bryophyta: Musci): new taxa and new records for New Zealand . New Zealand Journal of Botany , 37 : 643 – 657 .
- Crandall-Stotler , BJ , Stotler , RE and Ford , CH . 2002 . Contributions toward a monograph of Petalophyllum (Marchantiophyta) . Novon , 12 : 334 – 337 .
- de Lange , PJ , Norton , DA , Courtney , SP , Heenan , PB , Barkla , JW , Cameron , EK , Hitchmough , RA and Townsend , AJ . 2009 . Threatened and uncommon plants of New Zealand (2008 revision) . New Zealand Journal of Botany , 47 : 61 – 96 .
- Engel , JJ and Glenny , D . 2008 . A flora of the liverworts and hornworts of New Zealand, Monographs in Systematic Botany 110 , St Louis, , US : Missouri Botanical Garden Press .
- Engel , JJ and Smith Merrill , GL . 2004 . Austral Hepaticae. 35. A taxonomic and phylogenetic study of Telaranea (Lepidoziaceae), with a monograph of the genus in temperate Australasia and commentary on extra-Australasian taxa . Fieldiana Botany New Series , 4 : 1 – 265 .
- Fife , AJ . 1995 . Checklist of the mosses of New Zealand . Bryologist , 98 : 313 – 337 .
- Hitchmough R 2002 . New Zealand Threat Classification System lists . Wellington , Department of Conservation .
- Hitchmough R , Bull L , Cromarty P 2007 . New Zealand Threat Classification System lists 2005 . Wellington , Department of Conservation .
- McNeill J , Barrie FR , Burdet HM , Demoulin V , Hawksworth DL , Marhold K , Nicolson DH , Prado J , Silva PC , Skog JE , Wiersema JH , Turland NJ 2006 . International code of Botanical Nomenclature (Vienna Code) . Adopted by the Seventeenth International Botanical Congress Vienna, Austria, July 2005. Regnum Vegetabile 146. Ruggell, Gantner .
- Miskelly , CM , Dowding , JE , Elliot , GP , Hitchmough , RA , Powlesland , RG , Robertson , HA , Sagar , PM , Scofield , RP and Taylor , GA . 2008 . Conservation status of New Zealand birds, 2008 . Notornis , 55 : 117 – 135 .
- Molloy J , Bell B , Clout M , de Lange P , Gibbs G , Given D , Norton DA , Smith N , Stephens T 2002 . Classifying species according to threat of extinction . A system for New Zealand. Threatened Species Occasional Publication 22 Wellington, Department of Conservation .
- Schuster , RM . 1985 . Austral Hepaticae, XIX. Some taxa new to New Zealand and New Caledonia . Phytologia , 56 : 449 – 464 .
- Townsend AJ , de Lange PJ , Duffy CAJ , Miskelly CM , Molloy J , Norton DA 2008 . New Zealand Threat Classification System manual . Wellington , Department of Conservation .
- Wardle , PA . 1991 . Vegetation of New Zealand , Cambridge, , UK : Cambridge University Press .
Appendix 1
New Zealand threatened bryophytes, taxonomically determinate taxaQualifiers
De Designated
DP Data Poor
EF Extreme Fluctuations
IE Island Endemic
OL One Location in New Zealand
PD Partial Decline
RR Range Restricted
SO Secure Overseas
S?O Unknown whether Secure Overseas
Sp Sparse
TO Threatened overseas
Criteria used to determine the threat category
A(3) Total area of occupancy less than 1 ha.
A(3/1) Total area of occupancy less than 1 ha and less than 250 mature individuals.
B(3/1) Total area of occupancy less than 10 ha and 250–1000 mature individuals.
C(3/1) Total area of occupancy less than 100 ha and 1000–5000 mature individuals.
D(3/1) Total area of occupancy less than 1000 ha and 5000–200,000 mature individuals.
Extinct (0)
There are no bryophyte taxa for which there is no reasonable doubt that the last individual has died.
Threatened (43)
Nationally critical (27)
Liverworts (15)
Allisoniella scottii (R.M.Schust.) R.M.Schust. endemic DP, RR, A(3)
Anastrophyllum papillosum J.J.Engel & Braggins endemic DP, OL, A(3)
Castanoclobos julaceus (Hatcher ex J.J.Engel) J.J.Engel & Glenny endemic DP, SO, A(3)
Cephaloziella invisa R.M.Schust. endemic S?O, A(3)
Cephaloziella nothogena R.M.Schust. endemic DP, OL, A(3)
Frullania wairua von Konrat & Braggins endemic OL, A(3)
Isolembidium anomalum (Rodway) Grolle var. anomalum endemic DP, S?O, A(3)
Isopaches pumicicola (Berggr.) Bakelin endemic De, DP, A(3)
Pachyschistochila papillifera (R.M.Schust.) R.M.Schust. & J.J.Engel endemic DP, OL, A(3)
Petalophyllum preissii Lehm. DP, A(3/1)
Petalophyllum hodgsoniae Crandall-Stotler & C.H.Ford endemic DP, A(3)
Pseudolophocolea denticulata R.M.Schust. & J.J.Engel endemic DP, A(3)
Riccardia intercellula E.A.Brown endemic DP, OL, A(3)
Riccardia pseudodendroceros R.M.Schust. endemic DP, A(3)
Seppeltia succuba Grolle OL, TO, A(3)
Mosses (12)
Cyclodictyon blumeanum (Müll.Hall.) O.Kuntze ST, SO, OL, A(3)
Didymodon calycinus Dixon endemic De, DP, A(3)
Epipterygium opararense Fife & A.J.Shaw endemic OL, A(3)
Erpodium glaucum (Wilson) I.G.Stone DP, TO, A(3)
Grimmia plagiopoda Hedw. OL, TO, A(3)
Hampeella pallens (Sande Lac.) M.Fleisch. DP, RR, S?O, A(3)
Lindbergia maritima Lewinsky endemic OL, A(3)
Physcomitrella patens subsp. readeri (Müll.Hal.) B.C.Tan DP, EF, RR, S?O, A(3)
Physcomitrium pusillum Hook.f. & Wilson endemic DP, EF, RR, A(3)
Plagiopus oederiana (Sw.) H.A.Crum & L.E.Anderson OL, S?O, A(3)
Seligeria diminuta (R.Br.bis) Dixon endemic DP, RR, A(3)
Willia calobolax (Müll.Hal.) Lightowlers DP, RR, S?O, A(3)
Nationally endangered (9)
Liverworts (7)
Calypogeia sphagnicola (Arnell & J.Perss.) Warnst. & Loeske B(3/1)
Chaetophyllopsis whiteleggei (Carrington & Pearson) R.M.Schust. S?O, B(3/1)
Goebelobryum unguiculatum (Hook.f. & Taylor) Grolle SO, A(3/1)
Kurzia dendroides (Carrington & Pearson) Grolle DP, TO, A(3)
Neogrollea notabilis E.A.Hodgs. B(3/1)
Radula papulosa Steph. endemic DP, S?O, B(3/1)
Ricciocarpos natans (L.) Corda DP, SO, C(3/1)
Mosses (2)
Calymperes tenerum Müll.Hal. RR, SO, A(3)
Tortula viridipila Dixon & Sainsbury endemic DP, A(3)
Nationally vulnerable (6)
Liverworts (3)
Acromastigum verticale (Steph.) E.A.Hodgs. DP, PD, RR, C(3/1)
Saccogynidium decurvum (Mitt.) Grolle S?O, D(3/1)
Telaranea inaequalis J.J.Engel & G.L.Sm. S?O, D(3/1)
Mosses (3)
Archidium elatum Dixon & Sainsbury DP, Sp, T?O, B(2)
Fissidens integerrimus Mitt. DP, RR, TO, A(3)
Fissidens berteroi (Mont.) Müll.Hal. RR, TO, B(3)
At Risk (128)
Declining (1)
Liverwort
Riccia fluitans L. DP, RR, SO
Recovering (0)
Relict (0)
Naturally uncommon (117)
Liverworts (70)
Acrolejeunea allisonii Gradst. DP, Sp
Acrolejeunea securifolia (Nees) Watts ex Steph. subsp. securifolia DP, Sp, SO
Acromastigum mooreanum (Steph.) E.A.Hodgs. DP, Sp, SO
Acroscyphella phoenicorhiza (Grolle) N.Kitag. & Grolle S?O, Sp
Allisoniella recurva R.M.Schust. DP, Sp
Anastrophyllum novazelandiae R.M.Schust. endemic DP, Sp
Anastrophyllum schismoides var. crassulum J.J.Engel endemic Sp, S?O
Andrewsianthus perigonialis (Hook.f. & Taylor) R.M.Schust. endemic Sp
Archeophylla schusteri (E.A.Hodgs.) R.M.Schust. DP, Sp
Austrolejeunea hispida R.M.Schust. endemic Sp
Brevianthus flavus (Grolle) R.M.Schust. & J.J.Engel Sp, TO
Cephaloziella subspinosa R.M.Schust. endemic DP, Sp
Chiloscyphus erosus J.J. Engel DP, Sp
Chloranthelia berggrenii (Herzog) R.M.Schust. endemic Sp
Cololejeunea appressa (A.Evans) Benedix RR, Sp
Cololejeunea falcidentata R.M.Schust. endemic DP, RR, Sp
Cololejeunea floccosa (Lehm. & Lindenb.) Steph. RR, Sp, SO
Cololejeunea inflexifolia R.M.Schust. endemic DP
Drepanolejeunea ternatensis (Gottsche) Steph. DP, Sp, S?O
Dumortiera hirsuta (Sw.) Nees SO, Sp
Haplomitrium ovalifolium R.M.Schust. endemic Sp
Harpalejeunea filicuspis (Steph.) Mizut. DP, Sp, S?O
Herzogianthus sanguineus R.M.Schust. endemic Sp
Heteroscyphus argutus (Reinw., Blume & Nees) Schiffn. RR, SO
Hygrolembidium triquetrum J.J.Engel & R.M.Schust. endemic Sp
Isolembidium anomalum var. cucullatum (E.A.Hodgs.) J.J.Engel & R.M.Schust. Sp
Isophyllaria attenuata (Rodway) E.A.Hodgs. SO, Sp
Isotachis olivacea R.M.Schust. endemic DP, Sp
Isotachis plicata J.J.Engel endemic DP, Sp
Isotachis westlandica (E.A.Hodgs.) R.M.Schust. endemic RR
Kurzia tenax (Grev.) Grolle DP, RR, S?O
Lejeunea anisophylla Mont. DP, SO, Sp
Lejeunea exilis (Reinw., Blume & Nees) Grolle OL, RR, SO
Lejeunea gracilipes (Taylor) Steph. DP, Sp. S?O
Lejeunea schusteri Grolle DP, Sp
Lembidium longifolium R.M.Schust. endemic RR
Lepidozia acantha J.J.Engel endemic DP, Sp
Lepidozia elobata R.M.Schust. endemic DP, Sp
Lepidozia fugax J.J.Engel DP, Sp
Lepidozia glaucophylla (Hook.f. & Taylor) Gottsche, Lindenb. & Nees Sp, SO
Lepidozia serrulata J.J.Engel endemic DP
Lophozia autoica R.M.Schust. DP, Sp
Metzgeria crassipilis (Lindb.) A.Evans DP, SO, Sp
Metzgeria scobina Mitt. endemic S?O, Sp
Metzgeria submarginata M.L.So DP, RR
Microlejeunea ocellata (Herzog) Grolle endemic DP, SP, Sp
Mnioloma novaezelandiae J.J.Engel DP, Sp
Pallavicinia rubristipa Schiffn. DP, S?O
Plagiochila baylisii Inoue & R.M.Schust. endemic RR
Plagiochila bazzanioides J.J.Engel endemic DP, Sp
Plagiochila caducifolia Inoue & R.M.Schust. endemic Sp
Plagiochila pacifica Mitt. IE, OL
Plagiochila virido-nigra (E.A.Hodgs.) Inoue endemic
Plagiochilion proliferum (Mitt.) R.M.Schust. endemic DP, Sp
Radula cordiloba subsp. erigens M.A.M.Renner & Braggins endemic IE, OL
Radula javanica Gottsche, Lindenb. & Nees DP, OL, S?O
Radula ratkowskiana K.Yamada DP, Sp, TO
Radula splendida M.A.M.Renner DP, Sp
Riccardia furtiva E.A.Brown & Braggins endemic RR, S?O
Riccardia multicorpora E.A.Brown endemic RR
Schistochila nitidissima R.M.Schust. endemic RR
Schistochila pellucida R.M.Schust. & J.J.Engel endemic DP, RR, Sp
Stenolejeunea acuminata R.M.Schust. DP, RR, S?O
Stolonivector waipouensis J.J.Engel endemic DP, RR, Sp
Telaranea nivicola R.M.Schust. endemic DP, Sp
Telaranea tetrapila var. cancellata (Colenso) J.J.Engel & G.L.Sm. Dp, Sp
Telaranea tridactylis (Lehm. & Lindenb.) J.J.Engel & G.L.Sm. Dp, Sp, SO
Zoopsis bicruris Glenny & E.A.Brown endemic RR, Sp
Zoopsis matawaia M.A.M.Renner endemic DP, RR, Sp
Zoopsis nitida Glenny, Braggins & R.M.Schust. endemic DP, RR, Sp
Mosses (47)
Amphidium lapponicum (Hedw.) Schimp. RR, Sp
Bartramia crassinervia Mitt. endemic DP, Sp
Beeveria distichophylloides (Broth. & Dixon) Fife endemic RR, Sp
Blindia contecta (Hook.f. & Wilson) Müll.Hal. RR
Blindia seppeltii J.K.Bartlett & Vitt endemic RR, S?O
Bryum algovicum var. rutheanum (Warnst.) Crundw. DP, SO
Bryum amblyodon Müll.Hal. DP, SO
Bryum pallescens Schleich. ex Schwägr. DP, SO
Cratoneuron filicinum (Hedw.) Spruce RR SO
Crosbya nervosa (Hook.f. & Wilson) Vitt endemic RR
Dicranella dietrichiae (Müll.Hal.) A.Jaeger DP, Sp, SO
Eccremidium minutum (Mitt.) I.G.Stone & G.A.M.Scott DP, Sp, S?O
Eccremidium pulchellum (Hook.f. & Wilson) Müll.Hal. DP, Sp, S?O
Ectropothecium sandwichense (Hook.& Arn.) Mitt. SO, RR
Encalypta rhaptocarpa Schwaegr. SO, RR
Fallaciella robusta Tangney & Fife endemic DP
Fissidens hylogenes Dixon endemic
Fissidens oblongifolius var. hyophilus J.E.Beever & I.G.Stone SO Sp
Fissidens oblongifolius Hook.f. & Wilson var. oblongifolius DP, SO, Sp
Fissidens rigidulus var. pseudostrictus J.E.Beever endemic DP, RR, Sp
Fissidens strictus Hook.f. & Wilson DP, RR, TO
Gigaspermum repens (Hook.) Lindb. RR, SO
Grimmia longirostris Hook. RR
Holodontium strictum (Hook.f. & Wilson) Ochyra DP, RR, S?O, Sp
Hylocomium splendens (Hedw.) B.S.G. RR, SO
Ischyrodon lepturus (Taylor) Schelpe Sp, S?O
Macromitrium ramsayae Vitt endemic IE
Muelleriella angustifolia (Hook.f. & Wilson) Dusén endemic IE, OL
Muelleriella aucklandica Vitt endemic IE
Notoligotrichum bellii (Broth.) G.L.Sm. endemic RR
Orthotheciella varia (Hedw.) Ochyra RR, SO
Orthothecium strictum Lorentz DP, RR, SO
Plagiobryum novae-seelandiae Broth. endemic RR, Sp
Pohlia australis A.J.Shaw & Fife endemic DP, RR
Pyrrhobryum paramattense (C.Müll.) Manuel DP, SO
Racomitrium crumianum Fife endemic RR
Scorpidium cossonii (Schimp.) Hedenäs RR, SO, Sp
Sematophyllum kirkii (Beckett) Paris endemic RR
Sphagnum compactum DC. SO, Sp
Sphagnum perichaetiale Hampe DP, RR, SO, Sp
Syrrhopodon armatus Mitt. RR, SO
Tetrodontium brownianum (Dicks.) Schwägr. RR, S?O
Thuidium cymbifolium (Dozy & Molk.) Dozy & Molk. SO
Timmia norvegica J.E.Zetterst. RR, SO
Trematodon mackayi (R.Br.bis) Broth. RR
Tortella cirrhata Broth. RR, S?O
Zygodon rufescens (Hampe) Broth. SO, Sp
Non-resident native (7)
Vagrant (7)
Liverwort
Drepanolejeunea pentadactyla (Mont.) Steph. DP, SO, OL
Mosses
Aloina ambigua (B.S.G.) Limpr. SO
Aloina bifrons (De Not.) Delgadillo DP, SO, Sp
Crossidium davidai Catcheside DP
Crossidium geheebii (Broth.) Broth. DP, SO
Entosthodon muehlenbergii (Turner) Fife DP, SO
Goniomitrium acuminatum Hook. & Wilson OL, SO
Introduced and naturalized (3)
Mosses
Fissidens dubius P.Beauv. SO
Tortula marginata (B.S.G.) Spruce SO
Tortula mucronifolia Schwaegr. SO
Data deficient (109)
Liverworts and hornworts (93)
Allisoniella nigra subsp. nigra var. acutiloba J.J.Engel endemic
Allisoniella nigra subsp. novaezelandiae fo. subobtusa R.M.Schust. endemic OL
Allisoniella nigra subsp. novaezelandiae R.M.Schust. fo. Novaezelandiae endemic
Andrewsianthus hodgsoniae (R.M.Schust.) R.M.Schust. ex J.J.Engel endemic OL
Bazzania accreta (Lehm. & Lindenb.) Trev. SO
Bazzania engelii Glenny endemic
Bazzania exempta J.J.Engel endemic
Bazzania okaritana Meagher & Glenny endemic
Bragginsella anomala R.M.Schust. endemic OL
Cephalozia badia (Gottsche) Steph. SO
Cephalozia pachygyna R.M.Schust. ex J.J.Engel endemic
Cephalozia schusteriana J.J.Engel endemic
Cephaloziella aenigmatica R.M.Schust. endemic OL
Cephaloziella byssacea (Roth) Warnst. subsp. byssacea
Cephaloziella crassigyna (R.M.Schust.) R.M.Schust. endemic
Cephaloziella densifolia R.M.Schust. endemic
Cephaloziella exigua R.M.Schust. OL
Cephaloziella grandiretis (R.M.Schust.) R.M.Schust. endemic OL
Cephaloziella hispidissima R.M.Schust. S?O
Cephaloziella muelleriana R.M.Schust. OL
Cephaloziella pellucida R.M.Schust. endemic OL
Cephaloziella pseudocrassigyna R.M.Schust. ex J.J.Engel
Cephaloziella pulcherrima subsp. sphagnicola R.M.Schust.
Cephaloziella rufobrunnea R.M.Schust. endemic
Cephaloziella varians var. subantarctica (R.M.Schust.) R.M.Schust. ex J.J.Engel
Cheilolejeunea mariana (Gottsche) B.Thiers & Gradstein OL, S?O
Chiloscyphus anisolobus J.J.Engel & Glenny endemic
Chiloscyphus hattorii J.J.Engel
Chiloscyphus herzogii J.J.Engel & R.M.Schust.
Chiloscyphus mediinfrons J.J.Engel & Braggins
Chiloscyphus septatus J.J.Engel
Chiloscyphus trichocoleoides Glenny, J.J.Engel & He-Nygren endemic
Cololejeunea cardiocarpa (Mont.) R.M.Schust. OL, SO
Cololejeunea cucullifolia (Herzog) E.A.Hodgs.
Cololejeunea ellipsoidea R.M.Schust. endemic OL
Cololejeunea pulchella var. stylifera R.M.Schust. endemic OL
Cryptochila acinacifolia (Hook.f. & Taylor) Grolle Sp
Drepanolejeunea vesiculosa ssp. euvesiculosa Herzog
Frullania apiculata (Gottsche, Lindenb. & Nees) Gottsche, Lindenb. & Nees OL
Gymnomitrion strictum var. inaequale R.M.Schust. endemic
Haplomitrium minutum (E.O.Campb.) J.J.Engel & R.M.Schust. endemic
Herzogobryum atrocapillum (Hook.f. & Taylor) Grolle OL, SO
Herzogobryum filiforme R.M.Schust. S?O
Herzogobryum vermiculare (Schiffn.) Grolle SO
Heteroscyphus conjugatus (Mitt.) J.J.Engel & R.M.Schust. SO
Heteroscyphus splendidus (E.A.Hodgs.) J.J.Engel & R.M.Schust. endemic
Hyalolepidozia microphylla R.M.Schust. ex J.J.Engel endemic
Isopaches bicrenatus (Schmid. ex Hoffm.) H.Buch OL, S?O
Kurzia helophila var. flaccida R.M.Schust. ex J.J.Engel endemic OL
Kurzia moniliformis J.J.Engel endemic
Lejeunea cyanophora R.M.Schust. endemic OL
Lepidozia laevifolia var. alpina R.M.Schust. & J.J.Engel
Lepidozia novae-zelandiae var. heterostipa R.M.Schust. endemic
Lepidozia novae-zelandiae var. minima R.M.Schust. endemic OL
Lopholejeunea nigricans (Lindenb.) Schiffn. SO
Lophozia monoica (E.A.Hodgs.) J.J.Engel endemic
Lophozia nivicola R.M.Schust. endemic OL
Lophozia subalpina (R.M.Schust.) R.M.Schust. endemic
Metzgeria alpina R.M.Schust. & J.J.Engel endemic DP, Sp
Nephelolejeunea carcharias M.A.M.Renner endemic OL
Paracromastigum fiordlandiae R.M.Schust. & J.J.Engel endemic
Pedinophyllum monoicum (Steph.) Grolle
Phaeoceros delicatus E.O.Campbell & Outred endemic
Phaeoceros hirticalyx (Steph.) Haseg. OL, S?O
Plagiochila banksiana var. echinophora Inoue & R.M.Schust. endemic
Plagiochila fragmentissima Inoue & R.M.Schust. OL
Plagiochila hatcheri J.J.Engel endemic
Ptychanthus stephensonianus (Mitt.) Steph. endemic
Radula parviretis E.A.Hodgs. OL
Riccardia alcicornis (Hook.f. & Taylor) Trevis. S?O
Riccardia exilis E.A.Brown endemic
Riccardia umida E.A.Brown endemic IE, OL
Scapania nemorosa (L.) Dumort. SO
Scapania undulata (L.) Dumort. SO
Schistochila pluriciliata R.M.Schust. & J.J.Engel endemic
Stolonivector clasmatocoleoides J.J.Engel endemic OL
Stolonivector fiordlandiae (E.A.Hodgs.) J.J.Engel endemic
Stolonivector obtusilobus J.J.Engel endemic
Telaranea elegans (Colenso) J.J.Engel & G.L.Sm.
Telaranea fragilifolia (R.M.Schust.) J.J.Engel & G.L.Sm.
Telaranea granulata J.J.Engel endemic
Telaranea lindenbergii var. mellea J.J.Engel & G.L.Sm. endemic
Telaranea lindenbergii var. papillata J.J.Engel & G.L.Sm. endemic
Telaranea patentissima var. ampliata J.J.Engel & G.L.Sm.
Telaranea patentissima var. zebrina J.J.Engel & G.L.Sm.
Temnoma angustifolium R.M.Schust. endemic
Temnoma palmatum var. laxifolium R.M.Schust. endemic
Temnoma quadripartitum var. pseudopungens R.M.Schust. endemic
Temnoma quadripartitum var. randii (S.W.Arnell) R.M.Schust. SO
Treubia pygmaea R.M.Schust. endemic
Triandrophyllum symmetricum J.J.Engel endemic
Tritomaria exsecta subsp. novaezelandiae J.J.Engel endemic OL
Xenothallus vulcanicola R.M.Schust. endemic
Mosses (16)
Bartramia alaris Dixon & Sainsbury OL, TO
Brachythecium allisonii Fife endemic OL
Bryum funkii Schwaegr. S?O
Bryum tenuidens Dixon & Sainsbury endemic OL
Calliergidium austro-stramineum (Müll.Hal.) E.B.Bartram OL, SO
Calymperes tahitense (Sull.) Mitt. SO, OL
Dicranoweisia spenceri Dixon & Sainsbury endemic
Fissidens anisophyllus Dixon endemic RR
Fissidens crispulus var. robinsonii (Broth.) Z.Iwats. & Z.H.Li OL, SO
Fissidens dietrichiae Müll.Hal. OL, SO
Fissidens perangustus Broth. S?O
Hymenostylium recurvirostrum (Hedw.) Dixon OL, SO
Macromitrium angulatum Mitt. OL, S?O
Meteoriopsis reclinata (Müll.Hal.) Broth. OL, S?O
Neckeropsis lepineana (Mont.) Fleisch. OL, SO
Scorpiurium cucullatum (Mitt.) Hedenäs S?O
Vesicularia inflectens (Brid.) Müll.Hal. OL, SO
Appendix 2
New Zealand threatened bryophytes, taxonomically indeterminate taxa
Qualifier abbreviations are as for Appendix 1.
At risk
Relict (2)
Liverworts
Porella aff. viridissima CHR 528937: Banks Peninsula
Goebelobryum aff. unguiculatum CHR 527492: Charleston S?O
Naturally uncommon (5)
Liverworts
Frullania sp. CHR 587424: Stewart Island RR
Lopholejeunea sp. WELT H10473: Northland RR, Sp
Siphonolejeunea (a) CHR 603079: Banks Peninsula DP, Sp
Siphonolejeunea (b) AK 302659: Waipoua RR
Treubia aff. tasmanica AK 312821: Mt Euclid DP, Sp
Non-resident native (1)
Vagrant (1)
Moss
Tortula sp. ‘red costa’ CHR 576584: Whakamahi = ?Phascopsis rubicunda I.G.Stone DP, SO
Data deficient (25)
Mosses (3)
Dicranella temperata Allison OL
Ditrichum brachycarpum Hampe OL, TO
Ditrichum rufo-aureum (Hampe) Willis TO
Liverworts (22)
Acromastigum brachyphyllum A.Evans
Acroscyphella nitidissima (R.M.Schust.) N.Kitag & Grolle OL
Aneura aff. rodwayi CHR 572016: South Cape OL
Cephaloziella aff. pulcherrima AK 282469: Rangitoto Island DP, OL
Cephaloziella sp. (subg. Evansia) CHR 593765: Chatham Islands IE, OL
Cheilolejeunea (a) AK303444: Rekohu OL
Cheilolejeunea (b) AK297632: Lady Alice Island OL
Cheilolejeunea (c) AK303450: Surville Cliffs
Clasmatocolea sp. WELT H10578: Garibaldi Ridge
Cololejeunea (a) CHR 104332: Pelorus Bridge
Cryptostipula inundata R.M.Schust. OL
Drepanolejeunea (a) CHR 604609: Herekino
Frullania aff. rostrata CHR 587423: Arthur Range OL
Lamellocolea sp. CHR 606036: Watsons Creek OL
Lejeunea (a) WELT H10386: Waitomo DP, RR
Lejeunea (b) WELT H6349: Auckland Islands
Microlejeunea sp. AK300169: Mt Rowe
Plagiochila aff. obscura AK 302647: Chatham Islands IE, OL
Porella sp. CHR 523835: Whakamahi OL, SO
Radula sp. ‘Campbell Island’ F IE, OL
Riccardia aff. pallidevirens AKU 71079: Campbell Island S?O
Riccardia sp. AK 298538: Mt Rowe OL
Notes on taxa with validly published names:
Dicranella temperata Allison: Known only from the type, a poor specimen that may represent a species in Pottiaceae or Orthotrichaceae.
Ditrichum brachycarpum Hampe: An Australian species with which New Zealand material is doubtfully conspecific, as all specimens are incomplete and differ in appearance from each other.
Ditrichum rufo-aureum (Hampe) Willis: Based on a collection from Rock and Pillar Range with a single atypical capsule. Further material is needed to confirm the species’ presence in New Zealand.
Acromastigum brachyphyllum A.Evans: Engel & Glenny (2008, p. 414) state: ‘The species looks very similar to A. anisostomum in color and size of the plants, and further work needs to be done to establish its differences from that species’.
Acroscyphella nitidissima (R.M.Schust.) N.Kitag & Grolle: Schuster (1985) described this without seeing material of A. phoenocorhiza, and the key feature of underleaf lobe depth in the new species falls at one extreme of the range seen in A. phoenicorhiza in New Zealand.
Cryptostipula inundata R.M.Schust.: The type, from Moraine Creek, Fiordland, is male, making family placement uncertain, and it is possible that the specimen is a variant of a species such as Hepatostolonophora paucistipula.
Appendix 3
Bryophyte taxa that were listed as threatened in Hitchmough et al. (2007) but no longer considered threatened
Taxonomically determinate
Liverworts
Bazzania nova J.J.Engel & G.L.Sm.
Cheilolejeunea mimosa (Hook.f. & Taylor) R.M.Schust.
Chiloscyphus tuberculatus J.J.Engel
Drucella integristipula (Steph.) E.A.Hodgs.
Kurzia hippuroides var. ornata J.J.Engel & G.L.Sm.
Lejeunea helmsiana Steph.
Leptolejeunea elliptica subsp. subacuta (A.Evans) R.M.Schust.
Marchantia macropora Mitt.
Metzgeria bartlettii Kuwhah.
Pachyschistochila latiloba R.M.Schust. & J.J.Engel
Paracromastigum drucei (R.M.Schust.) R.M.Schust.
Paracromastigum macrostipum (Steph.) R.M.Schust.
Porella pulcherrima S.Hatt.
Pseudocephalozia lepidozioides R.M.Schust.
Riccardia pennata E.A.Brown
Telaranea perfragilis J.J.Engel & G.L.Sm.
Telaranea trilobata (R.M.Schust.) J.J.Engel & G.L.Sm.
Telaranea tuberifera J.J.Engel & R.M.Schust.
Treubia lacunosa (Colenso) Prosk.
Trichotemnoma corrugatum (Steph.) R.M.Schust.
Zoopsis ceratophylla (Spruce) Hamlin
Taxonomically indeterminate
Liverworts
Lejeunea sp. AK 291280
Appendix 4
Bryophyte taxa which were listed as threatened in Hitchmough et al. (2007) and no longer considered valid members of the flora for the reasons specified.
1 Taxonomically not distinct
2 No longer believed to be present in New Zealand
3 Unsupported by herbarium evidence, or herbarium evidence is too poor to be a basis for listing
Taxonomically determinate
Mosses
Calomnion brownseyi Vitt & H.A.Miller 1
Chorisodontium aciphyllum (Hook.f. & Wilson) Broth. 2
Grimmia affinis Hornsch. 1
Grimmia argentea R.Br.bis 1
Hypnobartlettia fontana Ochyra 1
Verrucidens turpis (Cardot) Cardot 2
Liverworts
Acromastigum aff. tenax 3
Andrewsianthus confusus (R.M.Schust.) R.M.Schust. 1
Brevianthus sp. 1
Cheilolejeunea celata M.A.M.Renner & Glenny 1
Cheilolejeunea tenella (Taylor) J.J.Engel & Tan 2
Eoisotachis nigella (Herzog) R.M.Schust. 2
Lophocolea beckettiana Steph. 1 [listed as Chiloscyphus beckettianus] = Chiloscyphus subporosus (Mitt.) J.J.Engel & R.M.Schust. var. subporosus
Mnioloma fuscum (Lehm.) R.M.Schust. 2
Nephelolejeunea talinayi (S.Arnell) Grolle 2
Plagiochila kermadecensis J.J.Engel 1
Riccardia vitiensis (Steph.) E.O.Campb. 2
Telaranea exigua R.M.Schust. 1
Telaranea plumulosa (Lehm. & Lindenb.) Fulford 2
Treubia lacunosoides Pfeiffer, W.Frey & M.Stech. 3
Taxonomically indeterminate
Liverworts
Telaranea aff. pseudozoopsis 3
Radula aff. retroflexa 3
Appendix 5
Nomenclatural changes affecting taxa in 2005 listing (Hitchmough et al. 2007)