James Bonwick: Australian school inspector and Fellenberg disciple

ABSTRACT

This study investigates the “educational borrowing” of Pestalozzi’s and Fellenberg’s reforms by James Bonwick, an Australian schoolmaster and inspector in the 1840s and 1850s. The article initially examines Pestalozzi’s and Fellenberg’s teaching methods and philosophies. Adopting a biographical approach, it then explores the circumstances that influenced Bonwick to embrace, utilise, and then become a protagonist in promoting the ideas of these European educationalists. Commencing with his teacher training, Bonwick was inspired to question the social and educational effectiveness of the monitorial teaching then in vogue. Transferring to the Australian Colony of Van Diemen’s Land, he operated several schools based on Fellenberg’s example. Then, in South Australia and Victoria, where he continued to implement Pestalozzian teaching methods, his superior teaching skills received recognition through being invited to appear before several governmental investigations into education. Finally, but most significantly, as a school inspector in Victoria between 1856 and 1859, he inspired a generation of the colony’s schoolteachers to take up his enlightened and progressive teaching methods and views. Most studies of “educational borrowing” focus on parliamentarians and senior bureaucrats, but this study explains how a school inspector’s energy and passion for Pestalozzian principles and methods generated widespread teacher support for their adoption.

KEYWORDS:

• Bonwick
• Pestalozzi
• Fellenberg
• educational policy borrowing
• Australian schools

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.

Notes

¹ John Gasciogne, The Enlightenment and the Origins of European Australia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 107.

² Robert L. Osgood, “Pestalozzian Theory, Teacher Training and Special Education in the United States to 1930” (Paper presented at the ISCHE Conference, Geneva, 2012, 3).

³ Michael Heafford, Pestalozzi: His Thoughts and its Relevance Today (London: Methuen, 1967), 5.

⁴ J.A. Brown, “British Pestalozzianism in the Nineteenth Century: Pestalozzi and his Influence on British Education” (PhD thesis, University of Wales, 1986), 195.

⁵ J.A. Green, The Educational Ideas of Pestalozzi (New York: Greenwood, 1969), 50–1.

⁶ Osgood, “Pestalozzian Theory,” 4–5.

⁷ Heafford, Pestalozzi, His Thoughts and its Relevance Today, 87.

⁸ Gerald Lee Gutek, Pestalozzi and Education (New York: Random House, 1968), 38.

⁹ Rebekka Horlacher, “‘Best Practice’ around 1800: Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi’s Educational Enterprise in Switzerland and the Establishment of Private Pestalozzi Schools Abroad,” Encounters on Education 12 (Fall 2011): 3.

¹⁰ Green, The Educational Ideas of Pestalozzi, 131.

¹¹ Sydney Gazette, March 28, 1837, 4.

¹² “Mr Brougham’s Description of the Establishment for Promoting Learning and Industry at Hofwyl in Switzerland,” The Monthly Repository 13, no. 56 (December 1818): 730, 731.

¹³ W.A.C. Stewart and W.P. McCann, The Educational Innovators, 1750–1880 (London: Macmillan, 1967), 141; Ethel W. Gray, “The Educational Work of Philipp Emanuel Von Fellenberg – 1771–1844” (Unpublished MA thesis, The Queen’s University of Belfast, 1952), 42–3.

¹⁴ Stewart and McCann, The Educational Innovators, 142, 143.

¹⁵ Gray, “The Educational Work,” 193.

¹⁶ Count Louis de Villevieille, The Establishments of M. Emmanuel de Fellenberg at Hofwyl (London: Longman, Hurst, Orme, and Brown, 1820), 20.

¹⁷ Hugh M. Pollard, Pioneers of Popular Education, 1760–1850, (London: John Murray, 1956), 49.

¹⁸ Ibid., 54–5.

¹⁹ Villevieille, The Establishments of M. Emmanuel, 16.

²⁰ F.A. Ismar, Emanuel Fellenberg’s Institution at Hofwyl in Switzerland (Georgetown, DC: Columbian Gazette Office, 1831), 14–16.

²¹ John Hull, The Philanthropic Repertory of Plans and Suggestions for Improving the Condition of the Labouring Poor (London: Suter, 1841), 28.

²² Gray, “The Educational Work,” 190.

²³ Ibid., 45.

²⁴ Stewart and McCann, The Educational Innovators, 145.

²⁵ Villevieille, The Establishments of M. Emmanuel, 18–19.

²⁶ Louisa Mary Barwell, Letters from Hofwyl by a Parent on the Educational Institutions of de Fellenberg (London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, 1842), 83.

²⁷ Kate Silber, Pestalozzi: The Man and his Work (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1973), 218.

²⁸ James Van Horn Melton, Absolutism and the Eighteenth-Century Origins of Compulsory Schooling in Prussia and Austria (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), xiv, 174; David Phillips, The German Example: English Interest in Educational Provision in Germany since 1800 (New York: Continuum, 2011), 15–16.

²⁹ Harry G. Good and James D. Teller, A History of Western Education (London: Macmillan, 1960), 352; Daniel Tröhler, Pestalozzi and the Educationalization of the World (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013), 72.

³⁰ Phillips, The German Example, 17; Francisco O. Ramirez and John Boli, “The Political Construction of Mass Schooling: European Origins and Worldwide Institutionalization,” Sociology of Education 60, no. 1 (1987): 5.

³¹ Osgood, “Pestalozzian Theory,” 8.

³² Brown, “British Pestalozzianism in the Nineteenth Century,” 8.

³³ David Phillips, “Neither a Borrower nor a Lender Be? The Problems of Cross-National Attraction in Education,” Comparative Education 25, no. 3 (1989): 267; Jacqueline Gautherin, “Marc-Antonie Jullien,” Prospects: The Quarterly Review of Comparative Education 23, nos 3–4 (1993): 763.

³⁴ “Review: Life and Character of Henry Brougham,” The North American Review 33, no. 72 (July 1831): 236; “Appendix to Mr Brougham’s Letter: Containing Minutes of Evidence Taken before the Education Committee” (London: 1818), 99–104 (this appendix is attached to “A Letter to Sir Samuel Romilly, M.P. from Henry Brougham ESQ M.P.F.R.S. upon the Abuse of Charities,” London: 1818).

³⁵ The Edinburgh Review or Critical Journal XXXI (December 1818): 150–65; The Edinburgh Review or Critical Journal XXXII(October 1819): 488–507.

³⁶ Brian Simon, The Two Nations and the Educational Structure, 1780–1870 (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1974), 135.

³⁷ David Phillips, “Investigating Educational Policy Transfer,” in The Sage Handbook of Research in International Education, ed. Mary Hayden, Jack Levy, and Jeff Thompson, 2nd ed. (London: Sage Publications, 2015), 466.

³⁸ David Phillips and Kimberley Ochs, “Researching Policy Borrowing: Some Methodological Challenges in Comparative Education,” British Educational Research Journal 30, no. 6 (2004): 776.

³⁹ Phillips, “Investigating Educational Policy Transfer,” 466.

⁴⁰ Laura B. Perry and Geok-hwa Tor, “Understanding Educational Transfer: Theoretical Perspectives and Conceptual Frameworks,” Prospects 38, no. 4 (2009): 517.

⁴¹ David Phillips and Kimberley Ochs, “Processes of Policy Borrowing in Education: Some Explanatory and Analytical Devices,” Comparative Education 30, no. 4 (2003): 452, 453.

⁴² Kimberley Ochs and David Phillips, “Processes of Educational Borrowing in Historical Context,” in Educational Policy Borrowing: Historical Perspectives, ed. David Phillips and Kimberley Ochs (Oxford: Symposium Books, 2004), 12–13.

⁴³ Phillips and Ochs, “Processes of Policy Borrowing in Education,” 453, 455.

⁴⁴ Ibid., 456.

⁴⁵ Ellen Corcoran, “Nondecision-Making and Developmental Process” (paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Research Association, Chicago, April 1974), 4.

⁴⁶ Phillips and Ochs, “Processes of Policy Borrowing in Education,” 456–7.

⁴⁷ “Fellenberg’s Establishments,” The British Critic 11 (March 1819): 225–45.

⁴⁸ John Attersoll, Translation of the Reports of M Le Comte De Capo-S’Istria and M. Rengger upon the Principles and Progress of the Establishment of M. De Fellenberg at Hofwyl, Switzerland (London: Gossling and Redshaw, 1820).

⁴⁹ Fennell, “M. Fellenberg, his Schools and Plans,” Christian Observer 339 (March 1830): 150–5; 340 (April 1830): 222–7; 341 (May 1830): 296–302; 342 (June 1830): 348–53; 343 (July 1830): 409–16; 344 (August 1830): 481–7 (Fennell identified from Item 26,375 – Year 1830 University of London’s Goldsmith’s Library).

⁵⁰ “Extracts from Travels in Switzerland by S. Simond respecting Mr Fellenberg’s Establishment at Hofwyl, near Berne in Switzerland,” vol. 1 (London: 1824), published as an appendix in Outlines for a Plan for the Establishment of an Agricultural Model School in the Province of Munster as Recommended by the Irish Relief Committee of London in 1822 (Cork: Edwards and Savage, 1827), 49–56.

⁵¹ John Murray, Glance at Some of the Beauties and Sublimities of Switzerland with Excursive Remarks on the Various Objects of Interest, Presented during a Tour through its Picturesque Scenery (London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green, 1829), 195–9.

⁵² In 1837, the Sydney Gazette contained a two-column article: “M Fellenberg’s Establishment at Hofwyl in Switzerland,” Sydney Gazette, March 28, 1837, 4; Barwell, Letters from Hofwyl.

⁵³ R.J.W. Selleck, James Kay-Shuttleworth: Journey of an Outsider (Ilford, Essex: Woburn Press, 1994), 136, 140.

⁵⁴ J.P. Kay, Recent Measures for the Promotion of Education in England (London: Ridgeway, 1839), 20–36.

⁵⁵ Pollard, Pioneers of Popular Education, 237–43.

⁵⁶ Selleck, James Kay-Shuttleworth, 160.

⁵⁷ Paul Elliott and Stephen Daniels, “Pestalozzianism, Natural History and Scientific Education in Nineteenth-Century England: The Pestalozzian Institution at Worksop, Nottinghamshire,” History of Education 34, no. 3 (2005): 295.

⁵⁸ Guy Featherstone, “The Life and Times of James Bonwick” (Unpublished MA thesis, University of Melbourne, 1968), 2–4, 10.

⁵⁹ George F. Bartle, “The Impact of the British and Foreign School Society on Elementary Education in the Main Textile Areas of the Industrial North,” History of Education 22, no. 1 (1993): 33.

⁶⁰ G.F. Bartle, “Henry Dunn and the Secretaryship of the British and Foreign School Society, 1830–1856,” Journal of Educational Administration and History 18, no. 1 (2006): 13; Silber, The Man and his Work, 286.

⁶¹ John Hassard and Michael Rowlinson, “Researching Foucault’s Research: Organization and Control in Joseph Lancaster’s Monitorial Schools,” Organization 9, no. 4 (2002): 637 (citing J. Sherman, Life of William Allen (London: Charles Gilpin, 1846), 95).

⁶² Ibid., 629.

⁶³ Bartle, “Henry Dunn and the Secretaryship of the British and Foreign School Society, 1830–1856,” 15.

⁶⁴ Kevin John McGarry, “Joseph Lancaster and the British and Foreign School Society: The Evolution of an Organization from 1798 to 1846” (Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Wales, 1985), 319.

⁶⁵ Ibid., 322; George F. Bartle, “The Role of the British and Foreign School Society in the Education of Poor Children of the Metropolis during the First Half of the 19th Century,” Journal of Educational Administration and History 24, no. 1 (1992): 81; Derek Phillips, “The State and the Provision of Education in Tasmania, 1839–1913” (Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Tasmania, 1988), 321.

⁶⁶ James Bonwick, An Octogenarian’s Reminiscences (London: James Nichols, 1902), 15, 63.

⁶⁷ Ibid., 60–1.

⁶⁸ Jackie E.M. Latham, “Pestalozzi and James Pierrepont Greaves: A Shared Educational Philosophy,” History of Education 31, no. 1 (2000): 60; W.H.G. Armytage, “John Minter Morgan’s Schemes 1841–1855,” International Review of Social History 3, no. 1 (1958): 30.

⁶⁹ Bonwick, An Octogenarian’s Reminiscences, 60–2.

⁷⁰ Journeying from Australia “many years later”, Bonwick visited Hofwyl, staying for a few days and observing both the “poor” and “higher” schools. Fellenberg had retired but his daughter and her husband were operating the institution. Ibid., 63–4; Gray, “The Educational Work,” 51, 81.

⁷¹ Bonwick, An Octogenarian’s Reminiscences, 64–5.

⁷² Ibid., 68, 70.

⁷³ Ibid., 71, 85; Featherstone, “The Life and Times of James Bonwick,” 20.

⁷⁴ Bonwick, An Octogenarian’s Reminiscences, 70–2, 75.

⁷⁵ Phillips, “The State and the Provision of Education in Tasmania, 1839–1913,” 327–8.

⁷⁶ James Bonwick and Thomas Turner, A Letter to Parents upon the Education of their Children (London: Harvey and Darton, 1840), 4, 6; Bonwick, An Octogenarian's Reminiscences, 74.

⁷⁷ Ibid., 74.

⁷⁸ Ibid., 76.

⁷⁹ Ibid., 87.

⁸⁰ Colonial Times, October 12, 1841, 2; Courier (Hobart), October 15, 1841, 2.

⁸¹ Clifford Reeves, A History of Tasmanian Education – State Primary Education, Educational Research Series No 40 (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1935), 17–18.

⁸² Phillips, “The State and the Provision of Education in Tasmania, 1839–1913,” 10; ibid., 23.

⁸³ Kathleen Fitzpatrick, Sir John Franklin in Tasmania, 1837–1843 (Carlton, Vic.: Melbourne University Press, 1949), 176.

⁸⁴ Derek Phillips, Making More Adequate Provision: State Education in Tasmania 1839–1985 (Tasmania: Department of Education, 1985), 11–12.

⁸⁵ Colonial Times, January 11, 1842, 3; Reeves, A History of Tasmanian Education, 35–6.

⁸⁶ Launceston Examiner, October 8, 1842, 3–4; Phillips, “The State and the Provision of Education in Tasmania, 1839–1913,” 321, 327; Featherstone, “The Life and Times of James Bonwick,” 57–61; Bonwick, An Octogenarian’s Reminiscences, 100.

⁸⁷ Colonial Times, December 27, 1842, 1.

⁸⁸ Reeves, A History of Tasmanian Education, 23; Fitzpatrick, Sir John Franklin in Tasmania, 1837–1843, 13.

⁸⁹ Colonial Times, December 27, 1842, 2.

⁹⁰ Featherstone, “The Life and Times of James Bonwick,” 61–3.

⁹¹ John D. Loch, An Account of the Introduction and Effects of the System of General Religious Education Established in Van Diemen’s Land in 1839 (Hobart Town: MacDougall, 1843), 65–6; Colonial Times, July 25, 1843, 4; Featherstone, “The Life and Times of James Bonwick,” 64–5.

⁹² Loch, An Account of the Introduction and Effects of the System of General Religious Education, 87.

⁹³ Courier (Hobart), December 22, 1843, 1; Launceston Examiner, January 13, 1844, 4.

⁹⁴ “Prospectus of James Bonwick’s School at Hobart,” Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, 1923 Pam.A 20195.

⁹⁵ Courier (Hobart), December 24, 1844, 2.

⁹⁶ Sydney Morning Herald, February 20, 1846, 2.

⁹⁷ The name change from Van Diemen's Land to Tasmania was not proclaimed until 1 January 1856. Courier (Hobart), December 9, 1846, 2.

⁹⁸ Colonial Times, May 11, 1847, 1; December 25, 1849, 3.

⁹⁹ Colonial Times, October 2, 1849, 4; February 22, 1850, 2; South Australian Gazette, April 11, 1850, 2; Bonwick to George Washington Walker, W7/5, University of Tasmania Library.

¹⁰⁰ Reeves, A History of Tasmanian Education, 42.

¹⁰¹ Phillips, “The State and the Provision of Education in Tasmania, 1839–1913,” 337; Carmel R. Macpherson, “Thomas Arnold the Younger: Some Common Misconceptions Redressed,” History of Education Review 12, no. 1 (1983): 30–1, 40.

¹⁰² Phillips, “The State and the Provision of Education in Tasmania, 1839–1913,” 326.

¹⁰³ South Australian Register, August 18, 1847, 2.

¹⁰⁴ South Australian, March 12, 1850, 2.

¹⁰⁵ Bonwick to George Washington Walker, W7/8, University of Tasmania Library.

¹⁰⁶ Bonwick, An Octogenarian’s Reminiscences, 134.

¹⁰⁷ Letter from James Bonwick to George Washington Walker, W7/13, University of Tasmania Library.

¹⁰⁸ James Macgowan, The Science of Instruction; Or, The Laws of Nature on the Subject of Teaching (Adelaide: Hussey and Shawyer, 1854); Featherstone, “The Life and Times of James Bonwick,” 120.

¹⁰⁹ Adelaide Times, January 16, 1851, 2; South Australian Register, April 20, 1852, 2.

¹¹⁰ James Bonwick, Reader for Australian Youth (Adelaide: T. Strode, 1852), iii–vi.

¹¹¹ Bradley Selway, The Constitution of South Australia (Sydney: Federation Press, 1997), 6.

¹¹² South Australia – Report from the Select Committee of the Legislative Council Appointed to Consider the Propriety of Bringing in General Educational Measures (Adelaide: Government Printer, 1851), 7–10.

¹¹³ Malcolm Vick, “Class, Gender and Administration: The 1851 Education Act in South Australia,” History of Education Review 17, no. 1 (1988): 28.

¹¹⁴ Bonwick to George Washington Walker, W7/14, University of Tasmania Library.

¹¹⁵ Bonwick, An Octogenarian’s Reminiscences, 142, 144, 150.

¹¹⁶ Port Phillip Gazette, May 8, 1839, 4; Patricia Heywood, “Elementary Education in Port Phillip, 1836–1851” (Unpublished PhD thesis, Monash University, 1984), 35–7, 172.

¹¹⁷ A.G. Austin and R.J.W. Selleck, The Australian Government School, 1830–1914 (Carlton, Vic.: Pitman, 1975), 2.

¹¹⁸ Alan Barcan, Two Centuries of Education in New South Wales (Kensington, NSW: University of New South Wales Press, 1988), 32–3; Craig Campbell and Helen Proctor, A History of Australian Schooling (Crows Nest, NSW: Allen and Unwin, 2014), 40.

¹¹⁹ Before compiling their regulations in 1848, the Denominational Board in Sydney considered reports on education in France and Prussia by French educationalist, M. Cousins, and the 1833 Primary School Regulations of French Minister of Instruction, François Guizot. Alan Barcan, A History of Australian Education (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1980), 130; Donald Smart, “School and Society in New South Wales, 1788–1848” (Unpublished MA thesis, University of New England, 1968), 273.

¹²⁰ Norman Curry, “The Work of the Denominational and National Boards of Education in Victoria, 1850–1862” (Unpublished MEd thesis, University of Melbourne, 1965), 35; Barcan, A History of Australian Education, 78.

¹²¹ Report from the Select Committee on Education Together with the Proceedings of the Committee and Minutes of Evidence Ordered by the Council to be Printed, 30 December 1852 (Melbourne: John Ferres, Government Printing Office, 1853), 63, 66, 69.

¹²² Bonwick, An Octogenarian’s Reminiscences, 161.

¹²³ Age, January 18, 1855, 8; Featherstone, “The Life and Times of James Bonwick,” 158–9.

¹²⁴ Bonwick to George Washington Walker, W7/19, University of Tasmania Library.

¹²⁵ Public Record Office Victoria (PROV) VPRS 880, 52/116.

¹²⁶ PROV, VPRS. 61, 54/682, 56/102.

¹²⁷ James Terence Synan, “Colin Campbell: Religion and Education, 1852–1872” (Unpublished MEd thesis, University of Melbourne, 1974), 122–3; Bonwick, An Octogenarian’s Reminiscences, 163.

¹²⁸ Bruce Curtis, True Government by Choice Men: Inspection, Education and State Formation in Canada West (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1992), 10, 32.

¹²⁹ Andy Green, Education and State Formation: The Rise of Education Systems in England, France and the USA (London: Macmillan, 1992), 80; Andy Green, “Education and State Formation Revisited,” History of Education Review 23, no. 3 (1994): 9.

¹³⁰ Curtis and Green are principally concerned with state education systems. In Victoria, the Denominational system was state controlled, as evidenced by its amalgamation with the National School system in 1862.

¹³¹ Suzanne G. Mellor, “Pohlman, Robert Williams (1811–1877),” in Australian Dictionary of Biography, vol. 5, ed. Bede Nairn, Geoffrey Serle, and Russel Ward (Carlton, Vic.: Melbourne University Press, 1974), 449–50.

¹³² Synan, “Colin Campbell: Religion and Education, 1852–1872,” 118–24.

¹³³ VPRS 885, Unit 2, 57/329.

¹³⁴ PROV, VPRS 885, Unit 2, 57/372, 57/434, 57/441.

¹³⁵ James Bonwick, The Spirit of the True Teacher: A Lecture Delivered before the Geelong Teachers’ Association on March 25 1857 (Melbourne: Jas Blundell, 1857), 9–10.

¹³⁶ Ibid., 11–13.

¹³⁷ Ibid., 14.

¹³⁸ Ibid., 16–17.

¹³⁹ Ibid., 21–2.

¹⁴⁰ Phillips and Ochs, “Researching Policy Borrowing,” 775.

¹⁴¹ The Mount Gambier teacher had recently taught in Melbourne. PROV, VPRS 885, Unit 2, 57/681, 57/682, Unit 3, 58/295.

¹⁴² PROV, VPRS 885, Unit 3, 58/295.

¹⁴³ PROV, VPRS 885, Unit 2, 57/2226.

¹⁴⁴ PROV, VPRS 885, Unit 2, 57/2226.

¹⁴⁵ PROV, VPRS 885, Unit 3, 58/295.

¹⁴⁶ PROV, VPRS 885, Unit 2, 57/2226.

¹⁴⁷ PROV, VPRS 885, Unit 3, 58/295.

¹⁴⁸ 1n 1770, in France, Oberlin established a school for impoverished infants. Larry Prochner, History of Early Childhood Education in Canada, Australia and New Zealand (Vancouver: UBC Press, 2009), 14; PROV, VPRS 885, Unit 3, 58/295.

¹⁴⁹ PROV, VPRS 61, 57/2622.

¹⁵⁰ PROV, VPRS 885, Unit 3, 58/243.

¹⁵¹ PROV, VPRS 885, Unit 3, 58/295.

¹⁵² PROV, VPRS 885, Unit 3, 57/295.

¹⁵³ PROV, VPRS 61, 58/1079. Reference from Bonwick’s daughter Annie in Beverley Maclellan, The Brothers Bonwick (Hawthorn, Vic.: Trade Printers, 1996), 52.

¹⁵⁴ PROV, VPRS 885, Unit 3, 58/2404.

¹⁵⁵ PROV, VPRS 61, (dated “July 1858”).

¹⁵⁶ PROV, VPRS 885, Unit 3, 58/2404.

¹⁵⁷ PROV, VPRS 885, Unit 3, 59/150, 59/330, 59/410.

¹⁵⁸ PROV, VPRS 61, 59/272a, 59/821.

¹⁵⁹ PROV, VPRS 61, 59/1582, 59/2467, 60/1248; PROV, VPRS 885, Unit 3, 59/1631; Bonwick, An Octogenarian’s Reminiscences, 191–3.

¹⁶⁰ Star (Ballarat), November 2, 1859, 3.

¹⁶¹ Edward Sweetman, The Educational Activities in Victoria of the Rt. Hon. H.C.E. Childers (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1940), 14–17.

¹⁶² Ibid., 17, 25, 40.

¹⁶³ Jeffrey Broad, “A Colonial Apprenticeship: The Career of Hugh Childers with Special Reference to his Sojourn in Melbourne, 1850–1857” (Unpublished PhD thesis, Monash University, 1988), 111–13.

¹⁶⁴ C. Turney, “William Wilkins: Australia’s Kay-Shuttleworth,” in Pioneers of Australian Education: A Study of the Development of Education in New South Wales in the Nineteenth Century, ed. C. Turney (Sydney: Sydney University Press, 1969), 194–6.

¹⁶⁵ Ibid., 196, 201, 218, 221, 224, 229.

¹⁶⁶ Star (Ballarat), April 15, 1862, 2; Ralph Biddington, Richard Hale Budd 1816–1909, Nineteenth Century Educationalist (Melbourne: R. Biddington, 2011), 100–1.

¹⁶⁷ Bonwick, An Octogenarian’s Reminiscences, 197; Argus, December 26, 1862, 8.

¹⁶⁸ Age, February 9, 1906, 5; Bonwick, An Octogenarian’s Reminiscences, 197; Walter Forster, “James Bonwick, an Australian Schoolmaster in the Making” (paper presented at the Royal Historical Society of Victoria, 1919), Box 119/2, Item 3320.

¹⁶⁹ Age, February 9, 1906, 5.

¹⁷⁰ Richard Peterson, A Place of Sensuous Resort, 2nd ed. (Balaclava, Vic. : St Kilda Historical Society, 2009), ch. 44; Argus, December 22, 1865, 3.

¹⁷¹ Gippsland Guardian, June 2, 1868, 2.

¹⁷² Report of the Royal Commission Appointed by his Excellency to Enquire into and Report upon the Operation of the System of Public Education together with Minutes of Evidence and Appendices (Melbourne: John Ferres, Government Printer, 1867), 184–9.

¹⁷³ Ibid.

¹⁷⁴ Age, February 9, 1906, 5; Bonwick, An Octogenarian’s Reminiscences, 200–1; Featherstone, “The Life and Times of James Bonwick,” 192–3.

¹⁷⁵ Featherstone, “The Life and Times of James Bonwick,” 200–5.

¹⁷⁶ Osgood, “Pestalozzian Theory,” 8.

¹⁷⁷ R.J.W. Selleck, Frank Tate: A Biography (Carlton, Vic.: Melbourne University Press, 1982), 135.

¹⁷⁸ Age, February 9, 1906, 5; Argus, February 17, 1906, 4; Sydney Morning Herald, February 9, 1906, 5.

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Keith Moore

Dr Keith Moore is a Senior Lecturer in the Faculty of Education at Queensland University of Technology. He is the History Discipline coordinator and lectures in modern European and Australian history. His publications examine the history of Australian education in the 1850s, and education in Australia in the 1960s. He is a former President and currently Treasurer of the Australian and New Zealand History of Education Society.