The relationship between visceral adipose index and resistant hypertension in people living with diabetes

ABSTRACT

Objective

Resistant hypertension (RHT) is a more risky HT phenotype in terms of mortality and morbidity. It is more common in people living with diabetes. Studies have shown that visceral adipose index (VAI), a new obesity parameter, is associated with HT and diabetes mellitus (DM). The association of VIA with RHT has not been previously evaluated. The aim of this study is to analyze the relationship between VAI and RHT in people living with diabetes.

Methods

We have conducted a single-center, retrospective study in patients with HT and DM (n = 557). Patients were divided into RHT (n = 274) and non-RHT (n = 283) groups. Patients using 3 or more antihypertensive drugs, one of which was a diuretic drug, were defined as RHT. VAIs of the patients were calculated according to gender.

Results

VAI was significantly higher in the RHT group compared to the non-RHT group (4.59 ± 2.77 vs. 3.73 ± 2.31, p < 0.001). Multivariate regression analysis revealed that coronary artery disease (OR 2.099 (1.327–3.318), p = 0.002), waist circumference (OR 1.043 (1.026–1.061), p < 0.001) and VAI (OR 1.216 (1.062–1.339), p = 0.005) were independent risk factors for the development of RHT in people living with diabetes. In addition, smoking, high triglyceride levels, and low high-density lipoprotein levels were among the predictive factors for RHT in people living with diabetes.

Conclusion

In our study, we have determined that increased VAI is an independent risk factor for RHT in people living with diabetes. VAI may have better ability to predict RHT than many other parameters.

KEYWORDS:

• Diabetes mellitus
• hypertension
• visceral adipose index
• resistant hypertension
• obesıty

Declaration of interest statement

The authors have no relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript. This includes employment, consultancies, honoraria, stock ownership or options, expert testimony, grants or patents received or pending, or royalties. Peer reviewers on this manuscript have no relevant financial or other relationships to disclose.

Author contributions

Gokhan Gokalp: conceptualization, formal analysis, methodology, writing-original draft, writing-review & editing. Nail Burak Özbeyaz: investigation, formal analysis, methodology, writing-review & editing.

Ethics statement

All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Approval for the study was granted by the University of Health Science, Dışkapı Yıldırım Beyazıt Training and Research Hospital ethical committee (no: 132/08).

Data availability statement

The datasets analyzed during the present study will be available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Additional information

Funding

This paper was not funded.