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FOCUS: GEOGRAPHIES OF AGING

Memento Mori: The “Death” of Youngtown

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Pages 21-35 | Received 01 May 2007, Accepted 01 Apr 2008, Published online: 14 Jan 2009
 

Abstract

Youngtown, Arizona, was founded in 1954 as the nation's first retirement community, presaging the original Sun City (1960) and subsequent proliferation of active-adult communities across America. Youngtown, whose attractiveness waned owing to competition from more upscale, amenity-rich communities, suffered a fatal blow in 1998. Legal issues led to the loss of age restrictions, ushering in a swift and dramatic transformation of Youngtown from retirement enclave to working-class community, as Youngtown was overwhelmed by powerful social currents coursing through the Phoenix metropolitan region: explosive population growth, suburban sprawl, Latinization, and voracious demand for affordable housing. We tell the story of the life and death of Youngtown as a retirement haven, including the response of seniors to the loss in community identity: out-migration, anger, depression, and eventual acceptance among older people who linger. Insular, freeze-frame dreams of community identity and stability common among seniors in retirement enclaves ultimately prove chimerical in the face of urban change. The death of Youngtown as retiree haven, viewed in the sweep of shifting cultural attitudes about aging, may be a harbinger, the opening notes in a requiem for de jure retirement communities.

Youngtown, Arizona, fue fundado en 1954, a título de primera comunidad de retirados de la nación americana, presagiando la original Sun City (1960) y subsiguiente proliferación de comunidades de este tipo a través de los Estados Unidos. Youngtown, cuyo atractivo se desvaneció ante la competencia de comunidades de alta gama, ricas en amenidades, sufrió un golpe fatal en 1998. Las restricciones de edad se perdieron por cuestiones legales, introduciendo en Youngtown una rápida y dramática transformación de enclave de jubilación a comunidad de clase trabajadora, una vez que la ciudad fue agobiada por el flujo de poderosas corrientes sociales a través de la región metropolitana de Phoenix: crecimiento explosivo de la población, desparramamiento suburbano, latinización y voraz demanda de vivienda económicamente accesible. Relatamos la historia de la vida y muerte de Youngtown como refugio para el retiro, incluyendo la respuesta de los adultos mayores a la pérdida de la identidad comunitaria: emigración, enojo, depresión y la eventual aceptación del cambio y persistencia por los más ancianos. Los sueños de comunidades con identidades insulares e inmutables y estabilidad, comunes entre las personas mayores de los enclaves de jubilados, en últimas resultan quiméricos ante la faz del cambio urbano. Vista en el contexto de la avalancha de cambiantes actitudes culturales acerca del envejecimiento, la muerte de Youngtown como refugio de jubilados puede tomarse como un presagio, las notas de apertura del réquiem por las comunidades de retiro legítimas.

Acknowledgments

KEVIN E. McHUGH is Associate Professor in the School of Geographical Sciences at Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287–5302. E-mail: [email protected]. His research interests are in critical thought and theory, place and mobility, cultural studies in aging, and cinematic geographies.

ANN M. FLETCHALL is a doctoral student in the School of Geographical Sciences at Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287–5302. E-mail: [email protected]. Her research interests are in cultural and humanist geographies and media studies.

Notes

1. Pseudonyms are used for all interviewees, with the exception of Bryan Hackbarth, Youngtown's mayor at the time the study was undertaken.

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