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ARTICLES

Welcoming the Wind? Determinants of Wind Power Development Among U.S. States

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Pages 87-100 | Received 01 Aug 2007, Accepted 01 Apr 2008, Published online: 14 Jan 2009
 

Abstract

Although currently supplying less than 1 percent of consumption, wind is the fastest growing source of electricity in the United States. This article analyzes the emerging geography of wind energy on a state-by-state basis. Rather than physical wind energy potential, the primary determinants of wind energy development among U.S. states are human geographic factors of population distribution, and resulting geography of electricity demand and transmission line accessibility, together with state-based energy policies, including electric utility restructuring, renewable portfolio standards, and procedures for siting and permitting wind farms. Although simplified state-level siting and permitting procedures that minimize opportunities for local opposition show a statistical advantage in wind energy development, examination of U.S. examples of local opposition to wind farms and the European experience in wind energy development show that community acceptability of wind farms depends on procedural legitimacy in siting decisions and a perceived aesthetic fit between wind farms and the local landscape.

Aunque actualmente provee menos del uno por ciento del consumo, el viento es la fuente de electricidad de más rápido crecimiento en los Estados Unidos. Este artículo analiza la naciente geografía de la energía eólica, estado por estado. Más que un potencial energético del viento físico, los determinantes primarios del desarrollo de la energía eólica en los diversos estados de E.U. son factores geográficos humanos asociados con la distribución de la población, más la resultante geografía de la demanda de electricidad y accesibilidad a la línea de transmisión, junto con políticas energéticas a nivel de estado, incluyendo la reestructuración de las empresas electrificadoras, el portafolio renovable de estándares y los procedimientos determinados para emplazar y expedir licencia para las fincas del viento. Los procedimientos simplificados de emplazamiento y licencia a nivel de estado, que minimizan las oportunidades para la oposición local, dejan ver una ventaja estadística en el desarrollo de la energía eólica; sin embargo, el examen de ejemplos de oposición local a esas fincas en E.U. y la experiencia europea en el desarrollo de energía eólica, muestran que la aceptabilidad comunitaria de tales fincas depende de la legitimidad procedimental en las decisiones de emplazamiento y un componente estético percibido al comparar las fincas del viento con el paisaje local.

Acknowledgments

CHRISTIANE BOHN is a master's student in Geography and Environmental Resources at Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL 62901. E-mail: [email protected]. Now residing in Denver, CO, her professional interests are in environmental planning.

CHRISTOPHER LANT is Professor of Geography and Environmental Resources at Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL 62901. E-mail: [email protected]. His research interests are in environmental policy. Most of his work is in the area of water resources; this article represents a new journey into energy resources.

Notes

a California suspended restructuring in 2001.

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