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FOCUS SECTION: CRITICAL QUANTITATIVE GEOGRAPHIES 1: BEYOND THE CRITICAL/ANALYTICAL BINARY

Context in Human Geography: A Multilevel Approach to Study Human–Environment InteractionsFootnote

Pages 336-349 | Received 01 Nov 2007, Accepted 01 Nov 2008, Published online: 18 Jun 2009
 

Abstract

One of the shortcomings of quantitative methods in human geography is an overreliance on models that can only account for the average outcomes of spatial events. Although methodological advancements in the form of multilevel models now allow human geographers to account for average outcomes as well as deviations about average outcomes of spatial events, it is not without question that such models can fully account for the cultural, political, and social contexts that affect human behavior. In this article I argue for the adoption of a multilevel approach to the study of human behavior to address some of the criticisms of quantitative methods in human geography. Using a transportation geography research agenda as an example, I discuss how a multilevel approach can complement qualitative methods. Such mixed research methods offer human geographers the opportunity to identify the appropriate role for quantitative methods and explore how context affects behavior.

Uno de los defectos que se endilgan a la aplicación de métodos cuantitativos en geografía humana es la excesiva dependencia en modelos que solo pueden tomar en cuenta los promedios de los eventos espaciales. Aunque los avances metodológicos sobre la forma de modelos de nivel múltiple, ahora permiten a los geógrafos humanos considerar no solo los promedios de resultados, sino las desviaciones de esos promedios de eventos espaciales, no está fuera de cuestionamiento que tales modelos puedan tomar en cuenta totalmente los contextos culturales, políticos o sociales que afectan la conducta humana. En este artículo argumento en pro de la adopción de un enfoque de niveles múltiples para el estudio del comportamiento humano, para enfrentar algunas de las críticas a los métodos cuantitativos en geografía humana. Mediante el uso de una agenda de investigación en geografía del transporte como ejemplo, discuto cómo un enfoque de nivel múltiple puede complementar los métodos cualitativos. Tal mezcla de métodos de investigación ofrece a los geógrafos humanos la oportunidad de identificar la función apropiada de los métodos cuantitativos y explorar cómo el contexto afecta la conducta.

EDMUND J. ZOLNIK is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Geography and Geoinformation Science at George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030. E-mail: [email protected]. His research interests include community and regional development, safe and sustainable transportation, and multilevel modeling.

Notes

indicate significance at 99 percent.

∗∗ 95 percent,.

∗∗∗ and 90 percent confidence levels, respectively.

indicate significance at 99 percent.

∗∗ 95 percent, and 90 percent confidence levels, respectively.

∗∗∗ and 90 percent confidence levels, respectively.

∗Thanks to Patrick Heidkamp as well as Andreas and Ebru Schmalfuss for translating CitationHettner (1907) from German to English.

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