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Articles

Modeling Spatial Accessibility of Immigrants to Culturally Diverse Family Physicians

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Pages 73-91 | Received 01 Feb 2009, Accepted 01 Sep 2009, Published online: 30 Aug 2010
 

Abstract

This article uses accessibility as an analytical tool to examine health care access among immigrants in a multicultural urban setting. It applies and improves on two widely used accessibility models—the gravity model and the two-step floating catchment area model—in measuring spatial accessibility by Mainland Chinese immigrants in the Toronto Census Metropolitan Area. Empirical data on physician-seeking behaviors are collected through two rounds of questionnaire surveys. Attention is focused on journey to physician location and utilization of linguistically matched family physicians. Based on the survey data, a two-zone accessibility model is developed by relaxing the travel threshold and distance impedance parameters that are traditionally treated as a constant in the accessibility models. General linear models are used to identify relationships among spatial accessibility, geography, and socioeconomic characteristics of Mainland Chinese immigrants. The results suggest a spatial mismatch in the supply of and demand for culturally sensitive care, and residential location is the primary factor that determines spatial accessibility to family physicians. The article yields important policy implications.

Este artículo utiliza la accesibilidad como una herramienta analítica para examinar el acceso a los servicios de salud entre los inmigrantes ubicados en un entorno urbano multicultural. En el estudio se aplican y mejoran dos de los modelos de accesibilidad más usados—el modelo gravitacional y el modelo del área de captación flotante en secuencia dual—para medir la accesibilidad espacial de inmigrantes de la China continental en el Área Censal Metropolitana de Toronto. Los datos empíricos sobre la forma de buscar atención médica se recogieron mediante cuestionarios aplicados durante dos secuencias de entrevistas. Atención particular se prestó a la localización del viaje al médico y a la manera de seleccionar el médico de familia con un criterio lingüístico. A partir de los datos del estudio, se desarrolló un modelo de accesibilidad de doble zona, flexibilizando los parámetros del umbral de desplazamiento y la impedancia de la distancia, que tradicionalmente se tratan como una constante en los modelos de accesibilidad. Los modelos lineares generales se utilizaron para identificar las relaciones entre accesibilidad espacial, geografía y características socioeconómicas de los inmigrantes chinos continentales. Los resultados ponen de presente un desfase entre la oferta y demanda de servicios culturalmente sensibles, en tanto que establecen la localización residencial como el factor que determina la accesibilidad espacial a los médicos familiares. El artículo genera implicaciones importantes de políticas públicas.

Notes

* We would like to thank the three anonymous reviewers and the editor for their helpful comments. Financial assistance from SSHRC (Grant #410-2008-2575) and the Centre of Excellence for Research in Immigration and Settlement, The Ontario Metropolis, is gratefully acknowledged. The special tabulated Census data were generously provided by Dr. Lucia Lo. Finally, we thank all the survey respondents and wish them well in building their new lives in Canada.

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