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Articles

Developing the Commons: The Contradictions of Growth in Exurban Montana

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Pages 317-331 | Received 01 Jan 2009, Accepted 01 Oct 2010, Published online: 25 Aug 2011
 

Abstract

Property development in exurban areas has the capacity to undermine the amenity values that undergird that development. Predicated on that contradiction, this research seeks to explain the emergence of local, informal, planning-based regulations in the traditionally antiregulatory context of rural Montana. Adopting both the insights of institutional common property theory and those of critical materialist analysis of economic growth, the work reconciles accounts of development as inherently ecologically self-destructive with those stressing creative development and adoption of rules for collective self-governance. Using a detailed case analysis of a Montana county undergoing rapid growth, it examines what drives localized land use regulation, what controls are enacted, and whether such controls are resisted or facilitated by development capital. Findings suggest that informal regulations seek to control externalities of development on valuable amenity commons and that they are adopted with the acceptance, if not encouragement, of the development community. These fragile instruments are vulnerable to opposition, however, highlighting problems of more general relevance: Growth depends on a deregulated development regime, which produces externalities that undermine the valorization of property. Localized regulatory planning regimes are therefore both a solution to contradictions inherent in growth and a potential source of future planning problems.

El desarrollo inmobiliario en áreas periurbanas tiene la capacidad de empeorar el valor utilitario que subyace al mercado inmobiliario. Basado en dicha contradicción, esta investigación busca explicar el surgimiento de reglamentaciones locales e informales basadas en la planificación en el contexto tradicionalmente antiregulatorio de Montana rural. Adoptando ambas perspectivas tanto de la teoría institucional de la propiedad común como aquellas de análisis crítico materialista del crecimiento económico, el trabajo concilia las versiones del desarrollo como inherente y ecológicamente autodestructivo, con las que destacan el desarrollo creativo y la adopción de un reglamento para el auto-gobierno colectivo. Mediante un análisis de un caso detallado de un condado de Montana en rápido crecimiento, se examina que impulsa la regulación del uso del suelo localizado, qué controles están en vigor, y si dichos controles son resistidos o facilitados por el desarrollo del capital. Los resultados sugieren que las reglamentaciones informales tratan de controlar las externalidades del desarrollo en importantes amenidades comunes y que se adoptan con la aceptación, si no con el fomento, del desarrollo de la comunidad. Estas frágiles formas son vulnerables a la oposición, no obstante, resaltando problemas de relevancia más general: El crecimiento depende de un desregulado régimen de desarrollo, lo que produce factores externos que empeoran la valorización de la propiedad. Por consiguiente los regímenes de planificación reglamentaria ubicados son al mismo tiempo una solución a las contradicciones inherentes en el crecimiento y una posible fuente de problemas de planificación en el futuro.

Acknowledgments

Notes

*This material is based on work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 0617953. The authors would like to thank David McGinnis, Sheila McGinnis, and David Bennett for their ongoing work with the team. A draft of this article was helpfully evaluated by many colleagues at the 15th Annual Conference on Critical Geography, held in Athens, Ohio, in 2008. Special thanks go to the hard-working and largely unsung planners and planning boards of Montana.

1. Urban zoning does exist in most larger towns. Additionally, citizens can petition to create subcounty zoning districts, although these are rare.

2. The notably high standard deviation in 2003 coincides with the highest historic number of conditions, suggesting one or two outlier properties with high numbers of locally specific conditions.

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